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بھلانے میں جن کو زمانے لگے ہیں

بھلانے میں جن کو زمانے لگے ہیں
وہی لوگ پھر یاد آنے لگے ہیں

سنبھلتا ہوا دیکھ کر پھر سے مجھ کو
حوادث کھڑے مسکرانے لگے ہیں

لگا بزم میں رہ گئے ہم اکیلے
کہا جب انھوں نے کہ جانے لگے ہیں

لگا ہاتھ سے ہے جو آنچل تمھارا
لگا ہاتھ جیسے خزانے لگے ہیں

خدایا! تو سن لے، اٹھے گی نہ ورنہ
جو ماتم کی صف ہم بچھانے لگے ہیں

ہمیں تو چلن، بد چلن زندگی کے
یہ سب سانپ سیڑھی کے دانے لگے ہیں

خدا دیکھ لے اب جو تو نے ہے کرنا
دعا سے بھی ہاتھ اب اٹھانے لگے ہیں

Social Media and Cyber-Jihad in Pakistan

The Internet and social media are part of today’s battlefield between the forces of liberalism and those of extremism, at least in Pakistan. Both forces are jostling for using—and controlling—the Internet and social media to make themselves heard and silence the opposition. This paper looks into how extremist forces appropriate the Internet and social media to get their message out, sway public opinion in their favor and seek new recruits. It also examines the potentials of social media for civic activism in Pakistan and how the misuse of blasphemy laws in Pakistan’s constitution stifles liberal voices on the Internet and social media. This paper discusses the concept of blasphemy in Islam, their incorporation in the legal system of Pakistan and their impact on the freedom of expression. This paper concludes that an effective use of social media is contingent on at least three things: 1) Literacy 2) access to the Internet and social media tools and 3) media laws and policies that guarantee freedom of expression and access to information. These are essential for the creation of a vibrant public sphere, which can then be strengthened by using social media as a long-term tool. Without freedom of expression, liberal forces cannot make full use of social media for promoting democracy and rights of minority groups.

Linear and Nonlinear Phenomena in Semiconductor Plasma Like Medium

Linear and nonlinear phenomena in semiconductor plasma like medium have been discussed in this thesis. The first chapter starts with the brief account of plasma related media, waves in plasma, methods of treating weak nonlinearity and basic phenomena of parametric instability and ion-implantation. All of these have been employed in the research papers included in this thesis. In the second chapter the phenomena of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) has been examined in an un-magnetized piezoelectric semiconductor using quantum- hydrodynamic (QHD) model. It is seen that Bohm potential plus Fermi pressure have significantly improved the growth rate of stimulated Brillouin scattering. It is further noted that the improvement in the growth rate of stimulated Brillouin scattering occurs at higher values of electron number density and wave number of electron-acoustic wave. The third chapter concerns with the detailed study of shielding static potential and oscillating far-field potential in an ion- implanted piezoelectric semiconductor. In this ion- implanted piezoelectric semiconductor the colloid ions act as test particles. The quantum effect introduced via Bohm potential associated with electrons and the electron-coupling effect, both contribute to the dielectric response function of semiconductor. The tighter binding of the electrons is noted because of the presence of quantum effect due to which the length of effective wake potential and radius of quantum Debby shielding both are found to be reduced. As a result, the formation of quasi-quantum lattice of colloid ions in semiconductor is reported on quantum scale. The formation of such quasi-quantum lattice can cause thorough changes in the properties of ion- implanted semiconductor. In forth chapter we deal with a composite medium and study the propagation of nonlinear coupled helicon-spin and Alfven-spin waves through the composite medium. Composite medium is a medium which exhibits the properties of both semiconductors and magnetic materials. Using reductive perturbation technique we find the nonlinear evolution equations for these coupled waves which are found to have soliton solutions. The limiting cases for the semiconducting and magnetic materials have also been discussed separately in this chapter. In the last chapter our medium of research is gaseous dusty plasma. We have investigated analytically the nonlinear decay instability of dust-acoustic wave (DAW) and low-frequency electromagnetic wave in a collision-less dusty plasma which is homogeneous as well as magnetized. We have derived the nonlinear response function for the plasma particles using coupled fluid and Maxwell’s equations and developed un-damped growth rate for three-wave parametric decay instability. It is found that in magnetized dusty plasma, a large amplitude dust-acoustic wave undergoes a considerable decay. The growth rate of the instability is found to be highly sensitive to the externally applied magnetic field, ion number density and electron/ion temperature etc. A vibrant application of this work has also been identified in the environment of dusty plasma in space. The references are in the end of the thesis.
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