اردو مصوتوں کا نظام
کلام یا گفت گو کرتے ہوئے ایسی آوازیں جن کی ادائیگی میں منہ کے اندر کسی قسم کی رکاوٹ نہیں ڈالی جاتی، ان بغیر رگڑ یا رکاوٹ کے پیدا ہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔ بقول گوپی چند نارنگ:
’’وہ آوازیں جنہیں پیدا کرنے کےلیے ہواکےگزرنے کاراستہ نسبتاً کُھلا چھوڑدیاجاتاہے لیکن زبان اور ہونٹوں کی مختلف حرکات سے منہ کے اندرونی حصےکی شکل میں تغیر وتبدل کیاجاتاہے۔اس طرح پیداہونے والی آوازوں کو مصوتے کہاجاتاہے۔‘‘۵۱؎
مصوتے کو انگریزی زبان میں Vowelsاور عربی زبان میں حروفِ علت کہا جاتا ہے۔مصوتے کو اردو زبان میں سُر بھی کہتےہیں۔
مصوتوں کی ادائیگی کے دوران زبان کی تین طرح کی حرکت ہوتی ہے:
۱۔زبان کی نوک جب تالو کےسخت حصے کی طرف اٹھے اس طرح نکلنے والے مصوتے اگلے (Front) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔
۲۔جب زبان کا درمیانی حصہ اوپرتالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کو مرکزی (Central) یا درمیانے مصوتے کہا جاتا ہے۔
۳۔ جب زبان کی جڑیاپچھلا حصہ اوپر نرم تالو کی طرف اٹھے تو اس وقت پیداہونے والے مصوتے پچھے (Back) مصوتے کہلاتےہیں۔
ان تین طریقوں سےپیدا ہونے والے مصوتوں کوماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف حصوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔انگریزی زبان میں مصوتوں کی تعداد پانچ ہے۔ (a.e.i.o.u) انگریزی کے ان مصوتوں کوماہر لسانیات نےمزید ذیلی مصوتوں میں تقسیم کیاہے۔اردو میں مصوتوں کی تعداد مختلف ماہرین لسانیات نے مختلف لکھی ہے۔بقول ڈاکٹر محبوب عالم خان:
’’اردو کے دس اساسی مصوتوں کی نشان دہی ان بنیادی مصوتوں کے چوکٹھے میں زبان کی بلندی، جبڑوں کے فاصلے اور لبوں کی شکل کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے کی گئی ہے۔‘‘۵۲؎
The purpose of this study is to determine the development of MSMEs in Gorontalo Regency and to provide new innovations in the development of MSMEs based on Creative Economy (Ekraf) and Gig economy in Gorontalo Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, which describes and describes facts according to the phenomenon of how development is seen from the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities (SWOT analysis) with the aim of providing an Creative Economy-based MSME development strategy and the Gig economy in Gorontalo Regency. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews and documentation about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of MSMEs against informants from three business fields, namely the Food Business Sector (dodol processed food), clothing (Sulaman Karawo) and handicrafts spread across three existing sub-districts in Gorontalo Regency. The results showed that the creative economy-based and gig economy-based MSMEs in Gorontalo Regency have not been fully implemented by MSME actors because they have limited capabilities and experience problems in their business development, this is due to several problems faced such as limited capital, raw materials and the use of simple production equipment, limited marketing media due to the absence of a MSME center, the types of products offered, quite a lot of transaction costs, less skilled labor, and product copyright registration problems for that from the results of the SWOT analysis of the diversification strategy at a more precise value to be applied, because it is considered more appropriate to the current conditions in Gorontalo Regency. In addition, the use of the gig economy is a part-time worker who is competent and innovative for MSMEs that are progressing and ready to compete.
Before the establishment of Pakistan, there was a strong tradition of Urdu satire and humorous poetry. After the disintegration of subcontinent, due to the geographical, cultural and political charges a new era of Urdu humorous poetry has been started. It has adopted the effects of changes due to the creation of Pakistan in 1947 and gradually has reflected the political, social, cultural and economical changes of the new born country. Therefore, satire and humorous poetry is considered as the historical literature of Pakistan's political and social circumstances. It also collects materials and topics from the changes in political and social fields of national and international levels, and whenever it founds any weakness, it hits that point. That’s why there was started a great addition in the Urdu humorous poetry's treasure on one side, and on the other side new possibilities were introduced in the development of Urdu language and critical literature. There was less attention towards humorous poetry in comparison to the serious poetry, while the humorous poetry also accepts the effects of political and social changes as the serious poetry does. As the serious poetry supports the critical literature, humorous poetry also isn't lagging behind in throwing light on such facts. The under view research has been written to highlight the importance and usefulness of humorous poetry on the above basis. To make this research a complete work the distribution of chapter has been done as under: 1st Chapter: Throwing light on the principles and basic topics on satire and humorous poetry with discussion on humorous before creation of Pakistan. 2nd Chapter: Humorous poetry from 1947 to 1960/discussion on social and political conditions of this era. 3rd Chapter: Humorous poetry from 1960 to 1971 study of humorous poetry in the light of political and social conditions of that era. 4th Chapter: 1971 to 1990 / Social circumstances and political environment and humorous poetry. 5th Chapter 1991 to 2013 political and social conditions and its effects on humorous poetry. Last Chapter: An overview, conclusion and recommendations were presented.