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’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

’’حقانی رباعیات‘‘ میری نظر میں

شاعری ایک خوبصورت اور من موہنی صنف رْباعی ہے۔ رْباعی کا لفظ رْبع سے نکلا ہے۔عربی زبان میں اربعہ کے معنی ’’چار‘‘ کے ہیں۔اس وجہ سے ایسی صنف شاعری کو رْباعی کہا جائے گا جس کے چار مصرعے ہوں۔

شاعری کی اصطلاح میں رْباعی اس صنف کا نام ہے جس میں مخصوص وزن کے چار مصرعوں میں ایک مضمون یا خیال بیان کیا جاتا ہے۔یعنی رْباعی وہ شعری صنف ہے جس میں عروض کے ماہرین کے مقرر کیے ہوئے خاص وزن،خیال کی وحدت اور بیان کے تسلسل کی پابندی بہت ضروری ہے۔

رْباعی میں بیان کے تسلسل اور خیال کی آہستہ آہستہ بڑھوتری کے اظہار کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ رباعی کے چار وں مصرعے زنجیر کی گھریوں کی طرح ایک دوسرے سے جڑے ہوئے ہوں،الفاظ کا چناؤ موضوع اور خیال کے مطابق ہو پہلے مصرعے میں مناسب الفاظ کے ذریعے خیال کے بارے میں معلومات دی جائیں۔دوسرے اور تیسرے مصرعے میں خیال مکمل طور پر پورے زور و شعور کے ساتھ ڈرامائی انداز میں پیش کیا جائے کیوں کہ چوتھا مصرعہ ہی رباعی کے مجموعی تاثر اور خلاصے کو بیان کرتا ہے۔اس میں ہی رباعی کا اصل خیال یا مضمون کو بیان کیا جاتا ہے جس کی خاطر رباعی لکھی گئی ہے۔

جہاں تک رباعی کے مضامین اور موضوعات کا تعلق ہے۔اس صنف کاآغازمذہبی مضامین کے بیان سے ہوا۔شروع شروع میں حمد،نعت اور توحید کا ذکر ہی رباعی میں کیا جاتا تھا۔پھر آہستہ آہستہ صوفیانہ خیالات ،معرفت کے مضامین رباعی کے موضوعات بن گئے۔صوفیاء کرام کا دین کی تبلیغ کا کام کرنا،لوگوں کو اخلاق کا درس دینا اور معاشرے کی اصلاح یہ سبھی مضامین صوفی شعراء نے رباعی میں بیان کیے۔اگر فارسی رباعی پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو...

Challenges of Translating the Arabic Qur’an into English A Comparative Study of Eight Leading Translations

Any translation of the Arabic Qur’an in English or any European language is likely to be imperfect. This is primarily due to the differences in the language, semantics, idiom, style and culture. Almost fifty such translations have appeared in the last fifty years, both by Muslim and other scholars, but none can claim any perfection in imaging the Arabic Qur’an. Nevertheless, there are some that are faithful to word-by-word (literal) or sense-for-sense (free) translation, but most lack the flavor of the Qur’anic essence and image either due to the translating approach, or inadequate understanding of the meaning of Sacred Arabic Text, or constraints of eloquence of the English language. This paper examines eight of the leading translations and draws conclusions relating to the use of translation techniques and literary devices and concepts that add beauty to the eloquence of Arabic Qur’an and makes it a living and literary masterpiece. It is found that the meaning of the lexical expressions have been maintained to a high degree in the process of translation and the use of literary devices has been adequately captured by the selected translations.

Phytochemical, Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Investigations of Tylophora Wall and Onosma Griffthii Vatke

Northern regions of Pakistan are rich with medicinal plants that are yet to be explored on scientific grounds. Medicinal plants play vital role in a country’s economy; especially for a country like Pakistan, where people are very poor and the use of traditional medicine is yet to flourish. World Health Organization is giving more emphasis on promoting traditional medicine, particularly, in the Third World Countries. More than 8,000 plant species in South Asia have medicinal values; out of which 2000 medicinal plants exists in Pakistan. Global market of the medicinal plants is estimated over US$ 60.0 billion that is expected to grow upto the US$ 5.0 trillion by the year 2050. In Pakistan, bill on the import of medicinal plants was worth of US$ 31.0 million, where the export of medicinal plants could hardly reached US$ 6.0 million. In the world, thirty percent of the pharmaceutical preparations are manufactured from plants. Keeping in view the potential of the global and local market, we conducted our current research work entitled “phytochemical, pharmacognostic and pharmacological investigations of Tylophora hirsuta (Wall) and Onosma griffithii (Vatke)”. The present Ph.D thesis comprises of two parts, part A and part B. The part A describes extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of isolated compounds. Pharmacological and biological activities of crude extract, different fractions thereof and some compounds isolated from Tylophora hirsuta have been investigated. In addition, the plant was also subjected to pharmacognostic screening that describes the anatomical study of the aerial parts and its powder drug. Four compounds were isolated from fractions of crude methanolic extract of the aerial parts of Tylophora hirsuta. α-amyrin acetate (1), stigmasterol (2) and heptaeicosanol (4) were isolated for the first time from the plant. β- sitosterol (3), a previously reported compound from the same plant was also isolated. Crude methanolic extract, its fractions and major compound (1) were investigated for various pharmacological activities including spasmolytic, spasmogenic, calcium channel blocking and cardiovascular activities. In addition, certain biological investigations were also carried out including antileishmanial, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic, insecticidal and enzyme inhibition assays. The plant produced good spasmogenic, spasmolytic and calcium channel blocking activity. The major compound (1) also displayed significant spasmolytic activity at concentration of 53.1 x 10 -5 - 243 x 10 -5 M. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has good antileishmanial, and moderate insecticidal, antibacterial, antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, no significant enzyme inhibition assay was displayed by the major compound (1). Anatomical study of stem portion showed a typical dicotyledonous stem with well organized vascular bundle and trichomes on the outer surface. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with presence of trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch cells and other structures. Part B describes the phytochemistry of compounds 5, 6 and 7 that have been isolated for the first time from the Onosma griffithii. The preliminary phytochemical investigations revealed the presence of flavonoids and terpenes in Onosma griffithii. The anatomical study of the leaf reveals the presence of oil sacs in the lamina. Powder drug study of the plant also supported the anatomical observations with strong trichomes, stoma surrounded by guard cells for the transport of gases and water, epidermis and other structures. Crude methanolic extract was investigated for different pharmacological activities like spasmogenic, spasmolytic and effects on cardiovascular system. Crude methanolic extract and its different fractions were investigated for certain biological activities including antileishmanial, antibacterial, antifungal, brine-shrimp lethality, phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. The plant was found to possess excellent spasmolytic and antihypertensive activity that confirmed its traditional use as antihypertensive. Biological investigations revealed that the plant has significant antileishmanial and moderate antifungal activity. Our current work will help the researchers for further work to standardize the extract(s) and look for activity guided isolation of the pharmacologically / biologically active compounds.
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Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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