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ساری راتیں کراں وچار
ساری راتیں کراں وچار
دکھاں درداں نال وہار
دکھاں دی پنڈ چائی پھردا
بھارا ہویا سرے تے بھار
کدی خزاں اُداسی ناہیں
حسن ترے دی عجب بہار
ہونٹ تیرے نیں لال گلابی
اکھاں تیریاں مست خمار
دکھاں درداں ہجراں کُٹھا
برہوں تیرے نیں سٹیا مار
کدی حنیف توں پچھیں جا کے
کہیڑی کیتی درداں کار
Kitabiyyah Mother and Ḥaḍanah of the Muslim Child: Religious and Legal Practices in Pakistan
The article attempts to analyze the religious and legal practices inside Pakistan regarding the issue of the kitabiyyah mother and ḥaḍanah of any Muslim child. The discussion primarily addresses the major issues emphasizing kitabiyyah mother and her relatives’ right to retain the custody of the Muslim child, and duration of ḥaḍanah under the supervision of kitabiyyah mother in shari‘ah and Pakistani Family Laws. Furthermore, it argues that kitabiyyah mother is permitted to raise the Muslim child according to her faith under both Islamic and Pakistani Family Laws. The article is delimited to the opinions of four Sunni schools of thoughts, Statute law, and Case laws. Nonetheless, in-depth comparative analysis has been carried out in most persuasive way to examine the rules related to kitabiyyah mother in custody of Muslim child after divorce under both Islamic Law, and Case Laws in Pakistan. Additionally, the existing similarities and differences consequent to religious differences have also been appropriately figured out to point out plausible way forward to address prevailing schism. Contradictions between the legal practices and Islamic law need keen attention Islamic and legal scholars to carefully craft to harmonize both in the best interest of child.Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacological Assessment of Taverniera Nummularia and Ifloga Spicata.
The present studies were performed to investigate the phytochemical composition and pharmacological potential of different solvent fractions (methanolic, n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water) of Taverniera nummularia and Ifloga spicata. The different solvent fractions were tested for various types of phytochemicals, antimicrobial assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and detoxification effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on blood lymphocytes of humans under induced stress of H2O2. Methanolic extract of Taverniera nummularia and Ifloga spicata revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher antibacterial potential against S. aureus. The ethyl acetate, n-hexane and chloroform significantly showed higher antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. The different fractions for antibacterial activity used against E. coli were methanolic ethyl acetate, aqueous, n-hexane and chloroform. Maximum activity against fungi was exhibited by chloroform fraction against Aspergillus niger (64%), Aspergillus flavus (62.02%) and Aspergillus fumigates (59.25%). The n-hexane, aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate showed higher antioxidant activity were higher for n-hexane, aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate as a compare to other fractions. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities of the human blood lymphocytes were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in response to oxidative stress induced by H2O2. The antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly improved by the various leaf fractions of Taverniera nummularia and Ifloga spicata at 50µg/ml under H2O2 stress methanol and aqueous fractions being the most effective ones. The increase in antioxidant enzymes activities showed significant decrease in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) content.The in vivo antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Taverniera nummularia (T. nummularia) and Iflago spicata (I. spicata) was investigated in mice. Treatment with alloxan significantly. The alloxan treated mice exhibited a significant increase in blood glucose level, total bilirubin, ALT, ALP, urea,creatinine,total proteins, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol content as compared with control group (p<0.05). Treatment with methanolic leaf extract of Taverniera nummularia and Ifloga spicata significantly decreased blood glucose level and resulted in a better body weight under hyperglycemic conditions. Moreover, increases in the content of bilirubin, ALT, ALP, urea,Craetinine,total proteins, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol due to hyperglycemia was normalized by treatment with methanolic extract of both the plant species. Further column chromatography to find the basic ingredients responsible for this potential will be very useful and interesting. This can result in diversity in natural product and pharmaceutical chemistry.Journals by Discipline
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