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ہر رگِ جاں سے پکار آئی ترےؐ آنے سے


ہر رگِ جاں سے پکار آئی ، ترےؐ آنے سے
’’دل کی دنیا میں بہار آئی ترےؐ آنے سے‘‘

شانۂ زیست پہ جو بوجھ تھا گمراہی کا
بوجھ اپنا وہ اُتار آئی ، ترےؐ آنے سے

زلفِ ہستی میں تھی صدیوں سے غضب کی اُلجھن
خود کو وہ آج سنوار آئی ، ترےؐ آنے سے

ابنِ آدمؑ کو ملا نورِ ہدایت کا چراغ
روشنی جب سوئے غار آئی ، ترےؐ آنے سے

وہ جو عرفانؔ ! بھنور میں تھے پریشان بہت
اُن کی کشتی بھی ہے پار آئی ، ترےؐ آنے سے

PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PADA MASA RASULLAH SAW. (PERIODE MEKAH DAN MADINAH)

Islamic education today cannot be separated from Islamic education in Islamic classical era. The Prophet Muhammad has served as a central figure of Islamic education from Islamic classical era to modern Era. The implementation of Islamic education in the time of the Prophet Muhammad can be categorized into Meccan period and Medina Period. In Meccan period, the prophet  put emphasis on tawhid, who used to adhare to politism, to adhare to monotism, that is to believe in Allah the only God. The strategy of education employed by the prophet was secret in nature. Initially, he conducated Islamic education amongst the members of his family and his companions then  to more extended cummunity. In Mecca, the Prophet made the house of al-Arqam ibn Abi Al-Arqam, as the centre of  Islamic education.  In Medinan period, the prophet conducted more complex  Islamic  education  than that  he did in Mecca. Islamic education conducted to covered  (a) Islamic brotherhood; (b) social walfare education;   and (c) nation defence education. In this period, it was mosque that served as the centre of Islamic education.

Response of Cotton to Tillage, Irrigation and Sowing Methods

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), the White Gold, occupies a pivotal position in Pakistan’s economy as it is the major source of raw material for textile industry in the country. Currently, cotton crop is facing a number of restraints, resulting in low yield per ha. Some of the constraints include costly agricultural inputs (seed, fertilizers, pesticides etc), pest attack, lack of pest and disease resistant varieties, good quality seed, scarcity of irrigation water, improper cultivation method and unavailability of advanced technologies. The research was conducted at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, to explore the response of cotton to tillage, irrigation and sowing methods. The aim of the experiment was to assess most suitable and economical tillage system and planting method for cotton crop, to attain efficient irrigation water utilization and saving without affecting crop yield or quality and to quantify the irrigation water for cotton crop required for different planting methods. Keeping in view, two different experiments were conducted for two consecutive years. First experiment comprised of two tillage systems i.e., conventional tillage (one time disc harrow + two cultivations + planking) and deep tillage (chiselling twice + one cultivation + planking) and three sowing methods viz; flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing. The second experiment comprised of two irrigation levels (50% field capacity and 75% field capacity) along with three different sowing methods (flat sowing, ridge sowing, and bed sowing). Replicated three times, both experiments were laid out in split plot design randomizing tillage systems in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots in experiment I while in experiment II irrigation levels were randomized in main plots and sowing methods in sub-plots maintaining a net plot size of 6.0 m × 9.0 m. Bt cotton variety AA-703 was sown at 75 cm spaced rows using 20 kg seed rate ha-1. Data pertaining to growth and yield parameters were recorded and analysed statistically. In first experiment, higher root length was recorded at deep tillage than conventional tillage during both the years of the study. Deep tillage gave maximum leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) showing increase in seed cotton yield of 18.72% in 2010 and 11.14% in 2011. Bed sowing produced 8.8% higher yield than ridge sowing in 2010 and 4.12% higher during 2011 and 25.61 and 16.47% higher than flat sowing respectively. Deep tillage with bed sowing gave maximum net returns of Rs. 121556/- with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 1.81 in year 2010, while in 2011 it was Rs. 68627/- with BCR 1.45. In second experiment, application of irrigation at 75% field capacity (FC) significantly increased LAI, crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and TDM over 50% FC in 2010 and similar trend was also observed in 2011. Water applied at 75% FC enhanced 38 % yield during 2010 and 30.49% in 2011 than 50% FC. Bed sowing produced 12.1% and 18.09% (in 2010) and 6.08 and 19% (in 2011) higher yield than ridge sowing and flat sowing, respectively. Irrigation level of 75% FC with bed sowing gave maximum net return of Rs. 82574/- with BCR of 1.54 in 2010, while Rs. 43336/- with BCR 1.28 in 2011.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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