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پروفیسر مقبول احمد

پروفیسر مقبول احمد
یہ سطریں زیر تحریر تھیں کہ ایک بڑے عالم و فاضل اور محقق پروفیسر مقبول احمد کی وفات کی خبر ملی، اِناﷲ وَ اِنا اِلَیہ رَاجِعُون۔ وہ علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ عربی و اسلامیات سے برسوں وابستہ رہے، انہی کی کوششوں سے یونیورسٹی میں ویسٹ ایشین اسٹڈیز کا شعبہ قائم ہوا، پھر کشمیر چلے گئے اور کشمیر یونیورسٹی میں سینٹرل ایشین اسٹڈیز کا سینٹر اور اسلامی کتب و نوادر کا میوزیم قائم کیا، شاہ حسین کی دعوت پر مشیر تعلیم کی حیثیت سے اردن گئے۔ مغربی ممالک کی سیاحت بھی کی برسوں آل انڈیا اسلامک اسٹڈیز کے جنرل سکریٹری رہے، جس کے باوقار سیمینار ملک بھر میں ہوتے تھے، حکومت ہند کے عربی مجلہ ثقافۃ الہند کے مدیر اور ذاکر حسین انسٹی ٹیوٹ کے سہ ماہی رسالہ ’’اسلام و عصر جدید‘‘ کی ادارت سے بھی منسلک رہے، ریٹائرڈ ہونے کے بعد پروفیسر ایمرٹس ہوئے، تصنیف و تالیف سے برابر اشتغال رہا اور مختلف علمی و تحقیقی کام انجام دیئے، شریف ادریسی کی شہرہ آفاق تصنیف نزہۃ المشتاق فی اختراق الآفاق کے ہندوستان سے متعلق حصے کی اشاعت ان کا بڑا کارنامہ ہے، جس کو ان کے عالمانہ مقدمہ، انڈکس اور محققانہ حواشی نے چار چاند لگادیا ہے، اﷲ تعالیٰ عالم آخرت میں بھی ان کے درجات بلند کرے، آمین!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اپریل ۱۹۹۸ء)

 

The Rise of Greek Philosophy in the Muslim World and Imam Ghazali’s Tahafat-ul-Falasafah (An Analytical Study)

Imam al-Ghazali has criticized not the logical principles but their misuse and incompetence of philosophers. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in the objectives of the philosopher is highlighted that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is actually the terminology. Imam al-Ghazali's personality has been debated in various contexts in the context of religion, philosophy and science, and even today new aspects of it keep coming to the fore. The reason for this is on the one hand Imam Sahib's intricate personality and on the other hand Imam Sahib's versatility. Modern studies have made Imam al-Ghazali an enemy of philosophy and science. Along with Orientalist wisdom, modern Islamic scholars also studied Imam al-Ghazali on the methodology of Enlightenment, due to which they too came to the same conclusion that Imam al-Ghazali is the biggest obstacle in the way of philosophy and science in Islamic civilization. Following in his footsteps, our traditionalist scholars now present Imam al-Ghazali as the victorious philosopher. No, but absorbed it. In this article, we have tried to make it clear that integration is a prominent element of Ghazali's philosophy of thought. Rejection of philosophy has become the identity of Imam Ghazali while passion for philosophy is a sign of his greatness of thought. Imam Ghazali's critique of Tahafat-ul-Falasfa defines the nature and scope of this critique. The main target of Imam Sahib's criticism was the theological conclusions of Muslim philosophers which contradicted the basic tenets of Islam. In addition, Imam al-Ghazali's objective position on philosophy and science in Maqasid al-Falasfa highlights that he had no problem with mathematics and in his view the difference in logic is in fact terminology. There is truth and falsehood in physics. We have to think about it. Yes, there is a lot of falsehood in theology. Imam al-Ghazali is the guarantor of the life of philosophy in theology. This article examines in detail the nature of the relationship between Imam al-Ghazali and philosophy, and how philosophy has influenced Imam Sahib's overall thought. The influence of philosophy on his theology, ethics, theology and principles of jurisprudence has been highlighted. At the same time, the effects of Imam Ghazali on philosophers and philosophers on Imam Ghazali are also presented with examples.

Potential of Sirna and Artificial Mirnas Against Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala Virus V2 Gene Yielding Resistance to Begomoviruses

Diseases of crop plants caused by begomoviruses (whitefly-transmitted viruses of the family Geminiviridae) are a major constraint to productivity across the warmer parts of the world. Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) across Pakistan and northwestern India has caused severe losses to cotton cultivation since the early 1990s. In Pakistan the disease at this time is caused by a single begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), and a betasatellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). Efforts to prevent losses due to CLCuD rely on the use of insecticides to control the vector whitefly and the use of tolerant cotton varieties; no immune varieties so far having been identified. RNAi technology offers a possible mechanism of rapidly developing resistant crop varieties to counter diseases caused by plant-infecting viruses. Here antisense RNA and artificial micro (ami)RNA have been investigated for their potential to yield resistance to CLCuBuV. A major challenge to use of RNAi is the need to identify the best target sequence. Here three fragments of the virion-sense gene V2 of CLCuBuV have been transformed into Nicotiana benthamiana in antisense orientation and assessed for their ability to yield resistance against CLCuBuV and three heterologous begomoviruses. The results are consistent with the idea that RNAi is a homology-based response with transgenic plants showing levels of resistance that correlate with the levels of sequence identity between the transgene and the inoculated virus. However, only for CLCuBuV was resistance at near immunity levels with the V2 sequence closest to the promoter providing the best resistance. Nevertheless, with all three constructs, transgenic plants inoculated with CLCuBuV showed no symptoms, or recovered from initial mild symptoms, and viral DNA levels were low. Additionally, inoculation of CLCuBuV with the CLCuD-associated betasatellite CLCuMuB to transgenic plants did not significantly affect the outcome although it increased the numbers of plants in which viral DNA could be detected, suggesting that the betasatellite may impair RNAi resistance. This effect is likely due to the betasatellite encoding a strong suppressor that inhibits RNAi at both the transcriptional and post - transcriptional levels. xiv Earlier studies have shown that the sequences of naturally occurring miRNA genes can be changed to alter the messenger RNAs that they bind to. Here a cotton microRNA gene (miR169a) was altered to replace the sequence of the mature miRNA with 21 nucleotides of sequence from the V2 gene of CLCuBuV and transformed into N. benthamiana. Two constructs were produced. In one construct (P1CN) the sequence of the miRNA backbone, with the exception of the 21 nucleotides, was left unchanged. In the other (P1DM) the sequence of the backbone was changed to, at least in part, restore the secondary structure of the immature miRNA (referred to as a precursor - miRNA). Inoculation of plants with a range of begomoviruses showed P1CN to give efficient resistance against the homologous virus (CLCuBuV) but not against heterologous viruses. Overall the levels of resistance exhibited depended upon the levels of sequence identity to the target (21nt) sequence, although other factors also likely play a part. For a small number of P1CN plants inoculated with CLCuBuV symptoms were initially evident but the plants recovered and contained low levels of viral DNA. In contrast, transgenic plants inoculated with heterologous viruses showed a greater number of plants symptomatically infected, that did not recover and showed high levels of viral DNA although lower than in infected non-transgenic plants. Transgenic plants harbouring P1DM showed poor resistance to CLCuBuV and little resistance to the heterologous viruses, indicating that the backbone sequence of the premiRNA is important for the biogenesis of mature miRNA. The results indicate that both antisense-RNA and amiRNA have the potential to deliver resistance against begomoviruses. The significance of the results are discussed.
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