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اردو ناول میں پسماندگی کے مظاہر

اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر

                حالیہ دور میں اردو ناول لکھنے والے چند ادیبوں نے اس بات کو ضروری سمجھا اور اس ضرورت کو محسوس کیا کہ پس ماندہ  طبقہ کے مسائل کو منظر عام پر لایا جائے اور اردو ناول میں پس ماندگی کے مظاہر کو اجاگر کیا جائے۔ایک لمبے عرصے سے ناول کی ایک ہی تعریف چلی آرہی ہے کہ:It is a vheicle of social critism ۔اور میرے نزدیک یہ تعریف کئی لحاظ سے ادھوری ہے کیونکہ ہم معاشرے پر لکھتے ہوئے اسکے تمام عوامل کو نہیں لکھ سکتے۔ہم ہر بات پر قلم اٹھا سکتے ہیں لیکن پھر بھی کچھ حالات ایسے ہیں جن کی پہنچ ہمارے نزدیک مشکل ہے اندر کے حالات الگ بھی ہو سکتے ہیں۔ہماری سوچ کے مطابق حالات کو ہم جزوی شکل تو ضرور دے سکتے ہیں لیکن حتمی نہیں۔

                ناول کی تعریف کو وسعت دینا ہوگی تاکہ زندگی گزرے اور آئندہ زمانے میں بھی اپنے ساتھ پیش آنے والے تمام واقعات کوپیش کرسکے ، ہر ناول کے فکری جائزے کی ایک اصل صورت  سامنے آسکے۔یہ بات بھی درست ہے کہ جذبات و احساسات کی ایک حد ہوتی ہے جس سے وہ آگے نہیں نکل پاتے لیکن یہ بھی غلط نہیں کہ ناول نے ہی ایسے طوفانوں کا سامنا کیا ہے۔جو معاشرے کی چھپی ہوئی غلطیوں ،کمیوں سے پردہ اٹھانے میں کامیاب رہا ہے۔

                ناول کی یہ تعریف ادھوری اس لیے بھی ہے کہ ہمارا ناول نگار اس بات پر ایمان لے آیا ہے۔ افسانے کی کہانی کو دس گناہ زیادہ طول دے دیا جائے تو وہ ناول بن جاتا ہے۔گزشتہ ستر سال سے یہ تعریف اس قدر راسخ ہو چکی ہے کہ اب یہ تعریف گھر کر گئی ہے کہ جابجا مکالموں...

Rights of Non-Muslim Minorities in a Muslim Country in the Light of Qur’an and Sunnah

The Issue of the rights of non-Muslim minorities in Muslim countries has been one of the most burning issues in this era. It has been highlighted by both Muslim and non-Muslim writers that they are mistreated in Muslim countries. This paper discusses the rights of non-Muslims in a Muslim country in the light of Quran, Sunnah and Islamic history. These rights are the protection of rights and freedom of belief, right to protection of property, honour, assurance of disability, poverty and old age, right of freedom in religion, language and culture, work and profession in government services, equal rights in the society and justice. It will be shown that in Muslim countries, all non-Muslim minorities have their equal rights and same citizen status. This paper ends by providing some suggestions in solving contemporary non-Muslim problems in Muslim countries.

Outcome of Surgical Treatment of Esophageal Atresia and It’S Associated Factors Among Newborns at Fmic Hospital Kabul Afghanistan

Introduction: Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a condition resulting from abnormal development before birth of the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach (the esophagus). Over the passage of time, there is a modification in treatment modialities that has enhanced the overall outcome of disease. It is also recognized that prompt diagnosis with appropriate clinical management and expeditious referral to a tertiary care center had a dramatic impact on the improved survival of these infants. Hence, this study aimed to determine the outcomes of surgical treatment of “Esophageal Atresia” with or without “TrachioEsophageal Fistula” among newborn at French Medical Institute for children, Kabul, Afghanistan. Methodology: An analytical retesrospective hospital based research study was conducted to accomplish study objectives. Records of 165 newborns who were admitted with EA/TEF and had undergone survey at French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan were reviewed. Data was collected through a self-developed structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed with the help of Statisitical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0. Chi-square test of independence was run and P-value was computed to determine an association between factors and outcome of EA/TEF among newbrons. Results: A total of 165 newborns who were admitted with the diagnosis of Esophageal Atresia with or without Trachoe-Esophageal Fistula and undergone surgery were recruited in this study. Most of the study participants (61.21%) were males. Majority of the cases (69.09%) had birth weight of 2 to 3 kg and had type “C” classification of EA+TEF. In terms of their ages at the time of surgery, most of them were aged less than 1 week during the surgical procedure. Around 31% of the cases had an associated anomaly VACTERL. Around 69% of the cases had survived post surgery. Most of the cases had developed complication like: stenosis, fistula and recurrence. With regard to length of stay during treatment, around 83% of newborns stayed for more than 10 days. This study has manisfested that weight, presence of anomaly VACTERL, and complications after surgery were significantly associated with outcome of Surgical procedure among newborns with the diagnosis of EA+TEF admitted to FMIC hospital.Conclusion: The condition of EA+TEF is quite prevalent among newborns in Afghanistan. Weight of newborn, presence of anomaly VACETRL , and complication were found as a significant determinants of outcomes of surgery for newborns with EA+TEF. It is important to design interventions which could help in improving the outcomes of surgery
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