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سوگ کا ماحول

سوگ کا ماحول

چار اپریل کا وہ دن مجھے آج بھی اچھی طرح یاد ہے ۔کراچی میں ٹیپو سلطان روڈ پر واقع گھر کے باہر کھڑا تھا جب گلی گلی بٹنے والے خصوصی ضمیمے کی ایک کاپی میرے بھی ہاتھ آ گئی ۔اس لیے بھاگا بھاگا اندر دوڑا اور لا کر والد صاحب کے سامنے پیش کیا ۔انہوں نے ضمیمہ ہاتھ میں لیا ۔سرخی پر نظر پڑتے ہی جیسے سکتے میں آ گئے ۔آنکھیں جھپکنا بند ہو گئیں اور وہ بس اخبار کو تکتے رہے ۔کئی لمحے ایسے ہی گزر گئے میں نے انہیں ذرا ہلا کر پو چھا ۔’’آپ ٹھیک ہیں ‘‘انھوں نے گھور کر میری طرف دیکھا ۔ اس لمحے مجھے ان کی آنکھوں میں بہت غصہ نظر آ یا ۔جو جلد ہی گہرے صدمے میں بدل گیا ۔

ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی پھانسی پر ہمارے گھر میں سوگ کا ماحول تھا اور ملک کے طول و عرض میں گہرا خوف ۔کسی کو یقین نہیں آ رہا تھا جنرل ضیاء اس حد تک جا سکتے ہیں ۔لیکن شاید ضیاء نے اپنی بقا کے لیے رحم کی تمام اپیلیں مسترد کر کے بھٹو کو تختہ ٔ دار پر لٹکا نا ناگزیر سمجھا ۔

ضیاء کے مارشل لا کی مخالفت کر نے والوں کے خلاف پہلے سے کریک ڈائون جاری تھا ۔ہر طرف ملٹری حکام کے ہاتھوں سیاسی کارکنوں کی پکڑ دھکڑ جاری تھی ۔خیر پور میں ہمارے گھروں پر فوجیوں نے چادر و چار دیواری کا تقدس پامال کرتے ہوئے چڑھائیاں کیں ۔خاندان کے کچھ مرد ادھر ادھر چھپ گئے لیکن دادا اور والد صاحب کو فوجیوں نے ہتھکڑیاں لگا کر پہلے تھا نے اور پھر جیل میں ڈال دیا ۔ایسے میں جیے بھٹو کا نعرہ فوجی آمریت کی مزاحمت بن گیا ۔ضیا اور اس کے ساتھی...

The Reluctant Fundamentalist Exploring the Ideological Basis and Bicultural Consciousness in Pakistani Diasporic Anglophone Fiction

This paper explores the religious ideological basis, cultural ambivalence and a bicultural identity issues in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist. This Pakistani Anglophone novel carries different diasporic sensibilities. Issues related to culture, religion and its association with ideological grounds are very prominent. Elements of immigrant feelings and loss of identity are very vibrant. The writer shares migrant experience and the influence of a new culture of the host country, United States. While migrants from some of the Asian states, mainly those characterized by most recent immigrant waves, have really worse socio-economic situation than average immigrants; Pakistani people are among minorities. This research is qualitative in nature. Theories presented by Arjun Appadurai, Homi K Bhabha, and James Clifford about culture and diaspora support this research. This research is helpful to know about the concerns associated with the liminal space and issues related to identity loss, strong affiliation and recognition on the basis of religion and living with a bicultural identity.

Genetic Evaluation of Maize Genotypes Using Physico-Chemical and Molecular Markers

The presentc researchc projectc was conductedc in the Cerealc Cropc Researchc Institutec (CCRIc) Pircsabak, Nowshehrac (K.P) Pakistanc duringc summerc 2014. Six maizec (Zea mays L.) genotypesc werec used in the researchc experimentc viz; PSEV-3, Azamc, Sarhadcwhite, Jalal, Iqbalc and Paharic. The maizec genotypesc were crossedc in a completec 6x6 diallelc fashionc and theirc Fc1 generationc was studiedc. Meanc squaresc due to GCA and SCA were highly significant for all the traits in F1 and F2 generations with the exception of GCA values for Leaf Area (cm) and Moisturec % in F1 and F2. The combiningcability analysescalso revealedc that majorityc of the traitscwere controlledc by partialc dominancec with additivec genec action. In F1generationc, the highest SCAc effects were manifestedc by crossesc involving PSEV-3 i.e PSEV-3x Iqbal, PSEV-3xAzam, PSEV-3 x Sarhadc White PSEV-3 x Pahari Azam x Pahari and Azamc xIqbal. Cultivar PSEVc3 of the abovec genotypesc provedc to be the best generalc combinerc as mentionedc earlier havingc highestc GCA valuesc producedc best specificc crosses. In case of F2 generationc maximumc SCA were exhibitedc by Sarhad WhitecxIqbal and JalalcxIqbal were the best crossc combinationsc. The cultivar Sarhadc White having negativec GCAc affectsc for ninec charactersc, therefore it was concludedc that comparativelyc low x highc parentsc performedc well in SCAc determinationc. Heterosisc of varyingc magnitudec was foundc in F1 and F2c generationsc. Mid parentc heterosisc was morec pronouncedc than batterc parentc heterosisc. Yieldc and its componentsc showedc maximumc heterosisc while otherc traits showedc lowc to moderatec heterosisc. Onc the basisc of heritabilityc, GCA, SCcA and heterosisc the genotypesc PSEV-c3 x Sarhadc Whitec, Sarhadc Whitec x PSEV-c3, PSEV-c3 x Paharic, PaharixPSEV-3, Sarhad White x Iqbalc andc Iqbalc x Sarhadc White were foundc promisingc. These competitivec genotypesc had a greatc potentialc to becomec vigorc withc highc yield and bestc suitedc for generalc cultivationc. In biochemicalc studies, parentalc cross of maizec genotypesc in whichc prolinec contentsc mostlyc increased in Iqbalc which rangedc uptco 0.37 (μmol/g) andc decreasedc in Azam with 0.08 (μmol/gc). The highestc levelc of prolinec contentsc showsc in Azamc x Sarhad x White which ranged 0.28 (μmol/g) and the lowest ranged was exhibited 0.06 (μmol/g) in PSEV-3 Iqbal in reciprocal crosses. Directccross of maize genotypes presented highest level of prolinecconcentration which was 0.35 (μmol/g) in Iqbal x Sarhad White and the lowestcconcentration was 0.08 (μmol/g) in Jalal x Azam. In molecularcstudy the SSR markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity, polymorphiccinformation content and number of alleles. In the present study maize genotypes exhibited various levels of genetic polymorphism by SSR markers. In present research project eight genotypes shown high genetic diversity as compared to other genotypes. Which are Pahari × Sarhad White, Pahari × Azamc, Sarhad White × Jalal, Jalal × Sarhad White, Sarhad White × Azam, Sarhad × Iqbal, Jalal × PSEV-3 and Iqbal × Sarhad White. Geneticcdiversity in maizecgenotypes gives the opportunity of best results for future breeding programs.
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