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محنت کی عظمت

محنت میں عظمت
محنت میں عظمت سے مراد یہ ہے کہ کام کر کے ،دست و باز وکو با مقصد متحرک کر کے، قلوب و اذہان کو طمانیت بخشتے ہوئے حصولِ عظمت کی خاطر جہد مسلسل کرنا، گورا ہو، کالا ہو، پست ہو، طویل القامت ہو، دُبلا پتلا ہو یا لحیم شحیم ہو، یہودی ہو، نصرانی ہو یا ٓتش پرست، الغرض جس مسلک یامشرب سے منسلک ہواس بات کا وہ ضرور معترف ہے کہ اگر کوئی عظمت، آن اور تفوق کے سہرے کو اپنے سر پر سجانا چاہتا ہے تو وہ صرف اور صرف محنت سے ہی ایسا کر سکتا ہے۔
فرمانِ باری تعالیٰ ہے ’’انسان کے لیے وہی کچھ ہے جس کے لئے وہ کوشش اور محنت کرتا ہے‘‘بنی نوع انسان کی تاریخ کے اوراق کا اگر مطالعہ اورمشاہدہ کریں تو یہ بات اظہر من الشمس ہے کہ جن سلف صالحین اور نابغۂ روز گار ہستیوں نے نام پیدا کیا وہ شب و روز محنت و مشقت کی چکی میں پستی رہیں۔ اقبال نام کے ہزاروں ہوں گے لیکن علامہ اقبال رحمۃاللہ علیہ ایک ہی ہے۔ اسی طرح غزالی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ ، رازی رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نفیسی رحمۃاللہ علیہ جیسے زعماء جو آسمان علم و دانش پر آفتاب و ماہتاب بن کر چمکے یہ سب ان کی محنت لگن ، کاوش اور انتھک جد و جہد کا نتیجہ تھا۔ محنت شاقہ اور جذبہ صادق ہوتو کہساروں سے بھی جوئے شیر نکالی جاسکتی ہے۔
نامی کوئی بغیر مشقت نہیں ہوا
سو بار جب عقیق کٹا تب نگیں ہوا
حضور اکرم صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلم کی حدیث پاک ہے کہ’’ حلال روزی کمانے والا ( محنت کر نیوالا ) اللہ تعالیٰ کا دوست ہوتا ہے۔‘‘ نماز پنجگانہ ایک اہم عبادت ہے، ز کوٰ ۃ ارکان اسلام سے ایک اہم رکن ہے، حج ایک اہم عبادت...

Gender based Differences in COVID-19 patients

Coronaviruses are a huge family of viruses that originate disease extending from the common cold to further fatal maladies. Objective: The study was conducted to determine the gender based differences in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Study included total 150 participants visiting Department of Medicine, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected through self-structured questionnaire using non-probability convenient sampling. Prior written informed consents were taken from the participants. Ethical approval was taken fromThe University of Lahore, Lahore. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 25.0. Results: Results showed that among the comorbidities hypertension was most common in COVID-19 patients followed by diabetes mellitus, especially in females. Whereas renal disorders and asthma were most reported in males. Analysis revealed that there was a significant association (p=0.001) between disease severity and gender. Conclusion: Study concluded that there was significant association between gender and disease severity.

Estimation of Gene Action and Selection Parameters in Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Gossypium Hirsutum L.

An experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications in the experimental field of Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam for assessing the heterosis, heterobeltiosis, inbreeding depression, combining ability, correlation and path coefficient analysis, genetic parameters and gene action for yield and yield components and seed viability in a set of 5x5 complete diallel cross of Gossypium hirsutum L. Phenotypic correlation coefficients (PCC) revealed that seed cotton yield/plant expressed strong positive (P≥0.01) association with sympodia/plant (r=0.863**), bolls/plant (r=0.921**) and boll weight (r=0.498*). Path coefficient analysis showed that the direct effect of bolls/plant and boll weight on seed cotton yield/plant was very high; 0.991 and 0.515, respectively and formed 118.94% and 183.99% of the total phenotypic correlation coefficient in F 2 generation. Heterosis was manifested in different crosses for all the characters but the extent of heterosis varied between characters. It may be assumed that heterosis in one or more than one yield components conferred heterosis for seed cotton yield. The cross Reshmi x TH-3/83, Reshmi x Mc-Niar-3150, CIM-109 x Mc-Niar-3150, CIM-109 x TH-3/83 and Mc-Niar-3150 x CIM-109 displayed positive heterosis and heterobeltiosis for seed cotton yield/plant alongwith one or more than one yield component characters. General reduction of heterosis in F 2 and in F 3 generation was due to decrease in heterozygosity through allelic fixation. Generally, predicted or expected inbreeding depression was quite higher than that observed for all the quantitative and qualitative traits except seed and lint indices, the discrepancy between the observed and expected inbreeding depression may be attributable to several reasons that involve linkage disequilibrium, epistasis and abnormal segregation at meiosis due to higher ploidy level of Gossypium hirsutum L. GCA variances were significant for plant height, sympodia/plant, bolls/plant, seed index, boll weight, lint index, G.O.T.% and seed cotton yield/plant, while SCA variances were significantly for plant height, bolls/plant and seed cotton yield/plant indicating additive and nonadditive type of gene action involved in the inheritance of these characters. Estimates of GCA effects of the parents indicated that TH-3/83, NIAB-78 and Reshmi were good generalxiii (xiii) combiners for seed cotton yield in F 2 generation due to their positive GCA effects. Parent Reshmi was also good combiner for plant height, boll weight, seed and lint indices, G.O.T.% and staple length followed by TH-3/83. Number of sympodial branches was of little importance in ranking the parents because parents that were good general combiner for yield and number of bolls did not hold a similar position for sympodial branches. The cross NIAB-78 x TH-3/83 performed better from rest of the crosses and displayed positive SCA effects in 10 out of 12 characters followed by cross NIAB-78 x Reshmi which displayed significant SCA effects in 9 out of 12 characters and express positive effects for yield and bolls/plant and reasonably positive effects for seed and lint indices. These crosses will form the superior combinations for hybrid crop improvement. Broad sense heritability computed through variance component method showed that all the quantitative traits were highly heritable in F 2 and F 3 generations except sympodia/plant. This suggests that selection for quantitative traits would be more rewarding than selection for qualitative traits in early segregating generations such as F 2 and F 3 . The trait seed cotton yield exhibited 73% broad sense heritability coupled with 31% expected genetic advance suggesting the existence of sufficient amount of genetic variability for improvement of this trait and also indicates that the trait is more amenable to selection and could be improved easily. The genetic components of variance for plant height, bolls/plant and boll weight in F 2 generation revealed that dominance components (H 1 and H 2 ) and additive component (D) were highly significant. It was further observed that dominance components were greater than additive components. Genetic components for seed cotton yield revealed that the dominance components were non-significant and greater than additive components. The average degree of dominance was more than unity, displaying over dominance type of gene action. The positive non-significant F-value revealed that the dominant genes were less frequent than recessive genes in the parents and that they were in decreasing position as exhibited by h 2 value. Estimated ratio of h 2 /H 2 indicated that there were atleast three groups of genes controlling seed cotton yield/plant. The value of r 2 showed the complete dominance of parents. Seed vigour was measured through the germination percentage and electrolyte leackage of seeds. Hybrids Reshmi x NIAB-78 and CIM-109 x TH- 3/83 displayed maximum germination percentage at 30 and 35 o C, of seeds from bottom portion of the plant and these crosses displayed moderate electrolyte leackage and were considered as vigourous seed when taken from bottom and middle portions of the plant.
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