ڈاکٹر انور سجاد
ڈاکٹر انور سجاد پاکستان کے مشہور اردو افسانہ نگار، ناول نگار، اداکار اور ڈراما نویس تھے جو اپنے افسانوں میں علامت نگاری کی وجہ سے مشہور و معروف تھے۔ انور سجاد ویسے تو ایم بی بی ایس ڈاکٹر تھے، مگر خدا نے انہیں کئی اور کاموں کے لیے پیدا کیا تھا۔ وہ رقص بھی کرتے تھے، مصور بھی تھے اور اداکار، مترجم، براڈ کاسٹر، ڈرامہ نگار بھی تھے۔
حالات زندگی:
ڈاکٹر انور سجاد 27 مئی 1935ء کو چونا منڈی (لاہور) ، موجودہ پاکستان میں ڈاکٹر دلاور علی کے گھر پیدا ہوئے، ان کا اصل نام سیّد محمد سجاد انور علی نے کنگ ایڈورڈ میڈیکل کالج لاہور سے ایم بی بی ایس کیا۔ پھر ڈی ٹی ایم اینڈ ایچ کا امتحان لندن سے پاس کیا۔ ان کے لکھے ڈرامے بہت مشہور ہوئے لوگوں نے ان کی اداکاری کو پسند کیا۔1965 میں پاکستان ٹیلی ویڑن کے لیے ڈرامے بھی لکھے اور ان مین بطور ادا کار حصہ بھی لیا اداکاروں اور فنکاروں کے حقوق و مفادات کے لیے 1970 میں آرٹسٹ ایکٹویٹی کی بنیاد رکھی، 1970 میں حلقہ ارباب ذوق لاہور کے سیکرٹری منتخب ہوئے۔برلن میں 1973 میں ڈرامے اور موسیقی کا جو میلہ منعقد ہوا تھا۔ اس میں پاکستان وفد میں رکن کی حیثیت سے شرکت کی، لاہور آرٹس کونسل کے چیئرمین بھی رہے، کچھ عرصہ کراچی میں بھی قیام کیا، عارضہ سانس و فالج میں مبتلا رہے۔
شخصیت:
انور سجاد کی ہمہ جہت خوبیوں والی شخصیت نے تخلیق کے ہر میدان میں قلم اٹھایا۔فکشن، ڈرامہ نگاری اور شاعری کے علاوہ آرٹ اور رقص ان کے شعبے تھے۔ انور سجاد کسی حد تک سیاست سے بھی منسلک تھے زندگی کے مختلف شعبوں سے وابستہ رہے اور بہت کامیاب زندگی گزاری انور سجاد کی شخصیت پہلو دار ہے جو ان کی تخلیقات میں نمایاں جھلکتی ہے...
Due to the requirement of Muslim Ummah in current issues a few rules were added in Islamic Jurisprudence. Among these new added rules is Al-Istehsan. The article discussed this rule covering the points given below: - Various definitions ofAl-Istehsan and its explanation. - Five types; Istehsan by nuss, Istehsan by ijmaa, Istehsan by urf, Istehsan by need, istehsan by qiyas. - Authenticity of Al-Istehsan by citing different opinions of the scholars. - Difference between Al-Istehsan and qiyas
Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) is a very serious insect pest in both tropical and subtropical regions. The pest causes chlorosis, defoliation and dieback on wide range of crops. In Pakistan, both early and late season mango cultivars are frequently infested by A. destructor from July to December each year. Despite heavy losses to mango crops, little information about the seasonal population fluctuation, general biology and management are known about this pest in Pakistan. This study was undertaken to (1) establish baseline information regarding population dynamics, efficiency of native parasitoids of A. destructor and biology; (2) physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in mango plant leaves under A. destructor infestation; and (3) use of gamma irradiation and insecticides for the control of various stages of A. destructor. In the first objective, I determined that the populations of A. destructor built up in July with peak in October to November and lowest from December to June and having a significant correlation with wind velocity and rainfall. Parasitism by Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and an Anagyrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on A. destructor reached to peaks in November (13.6 and 16.3 %) and December (14.2 and 14.9 %) during 2011–12 and 2012–13, respectively. In developmental biology study, I determined that males had four immature stages and an adult stage and females had two immature stages with pre-oviposition and oviposition stages; and total developmental span for male and female was 27 and 39.5 days, respectively. Physiological parameters such as leaf area, leaf biomass, chlorophyll a, b and carotene contents as well as total soluble protein (TSP) decreased while proline accumulation increased with increasing A. destructor infestation period. Stress markers like malandialdihyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as well as antioxidants enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were determined as per their established protocols. Increasing trend in MDA contents indicated lipid peroxidation while up regulation of antioxidants enzymes revealed a well- defined defense response to scale insects infestation in the three mango cultivars. DNA (Deoxyribonucliec acid) damage study was conducted by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique using different markers. This technique confirmed that RAPD is a very effective tool in investigating genotoxicity caused by A. destructor in mango leaves. Co- 60 gamma irradiation was used to determine mortality of various stages of A. destructor at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Peshawar. I found egg stage as the most susceptible and 2nd instar nymphs as the most tolerant stage to gamma irradiation. In large- scale validation tests, a dose of 228 Gy provided quarantine security for all stages of A. destructor on exported commodities. Physiochemical analysis and sensory quality of irradiated and un-irradiated mango fruits were investigated. I determined that irradiation had no negative impact on mango fruit, but rather imcrease it’s shelf life as irradiated fruits retained its nutritional quality and were acceptable to consumer for long time on the basis of sensory quality scoring than un-irradiated fruits. I evaluated eight insecticides against A. destructor, in which highest percent mortalities was recorded with petroleum oil, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen as compared to mineral oil, thiamethoxam, bifenthrin and profenofos against all life stage of the scale insect. Overall results of my dissertation suggest that management strategy plan for A. destructor may be designed in June-July with focus on crawler stage and insecticides application may be done in July or early August when there is least parasitoid ctivities in the field. I recommend irradiation dose of 228 Gy for 100 % mortality of A. destructor in mango fruits for export purpose. For future study predators, viruses and other parasitiods associated with A. destructor can be explored with quantification of irradiation stress to mango plant.