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جغرافیائی تناظر

سیالکوٹ پاکستان کا ایک قدیم شہر ہے۔یہ ۳۲ درجے ۳۰ دقیقے عرض بلد شمالی اور ۷۴ درجے ۳۲ دقیقے طول بلد پر واقع ہے۔یہ سطح سمند ر سے ۸۰۰ فٹ بلند ہے۔(۱)اس کے شمال میں ضلع گجرات اور جموں کا علاقہ ہے۔جنوب میں بھارت کا ضلع امر تسر ،مشرق میں ضلع گورداس پور،مغرب میں ضلع شیخوپورہ اور جنوب مغرب میں ضلع گوجرانوالہ ہے۔(۲) مغرب میں دریائے چناب ضلع سیالکوٹ اور ضلع گجرات کے درمیان بہتا ہے ۔سیالکوٹ رچنا دو آب میں (دریائے راوی اور چناب کے درمیان)واقع ہے اوراس کا بالائی حصہ (جو کوہ ہمالیہ کی تلہٹی میں واقع ہے) بہت زرخیز ہے۔جنوبی حصہ نسبتاً کم زرخیز ہے۔(۳)شہر کے شمال سے گزرنے والے دریائے چناب کے سوٹے کوہ ہمالیہ سے پھوٹتے ہیں ۔یہ قدیم دریا عوامی جمہوریہ چین کے قریب سے شروع ہوتا ہے۔قدیم زمانے میں اس دریا کو ’’چین آب ‘‘ کے نام سے پکارا جاتا تھا۔جو زمانے کے ساتھ ساتھ تبدیل ہوتا ہوا آج دریائے چناب کہلاتا ہے۔یہ دریا جموں کشمیر کے پہاڑی علاقوں سے گزرتا ہوا جب ضلع سیالکوٹ میں داخل ہوتا ہے تو ہیڈ مرالہ کے مقام پر یہاں اس میں دو اور دریا اٹھکیلیاں کرتے اور زندگی کی بہاریں تقسیم کرتے آکر مل جاتے ہیں۔یہ دریائے جموں توی اور دریائے (مناواں) مناور توی ہیں۔(۴)

          دریائے چناب میں مرالہ کے مقام پر بند باندھ کر نہر اپر چناب نکالی گئی ہے۔اس نہر کی تین شاخیں ہیں۔ایک شاخ کا پانی تحصیل ڈسکہ اور باقی دو شاخوں کا پانی ضلع گوجرانوالہ کے کھیتوں کو سیراب کرنے میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔نہر مرالہ راوی لنک ضلع سیالکوٹ کے مغربی حصے کو سیراب کرتی ہے اور جو پانی باقی بچ جاتا ہے۔اس لنک کے ذریعے دریائے راوی میں چلا جاتا ہے تاکہ دریائے راوی سے نکلنے والی نہر اپر باری دو آب...

OCCURRENCE OF LOWER EXTREMITY MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES DURING THE LOCKDOWN IN ATHLETES

Background of the Study: Lockdown was implemented worldwide to limit the spread of COVID-19. This sudden implementation of lockdown causes significant lifestyle changes for every individual. Along with the general population, it also has psychological, behavioral, and physical consequences on athletes. The study objective is to determine the occurrence of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries during the COVID-19 lockdown in athletes. Methodology: Retrospective cross-sectional study design was used, and participants were recruited by a non-probability convenient sampling technique. A sample size of 147 was taken as calculated by the Raosoft software, and the study was completed 6 months. Both male and female athletes between the age group of 18-35 years, participants who did not participate in any official training session during the lockdown and registered at domestic level for at least 2 years were recruited from Pakistan Sports Board and Wapda Sports Complex Lahore. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to identify the problematic painful areas of body. Data entry, analysis, and interpretation were done by using SPSS software version 22.0. Results: The mean age and BMI of participants were 25.6531±4.49 (years) and 23.28±3.24 (kg/m2) respectively. From the total, 39.5% of participants reported lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries. And most reported problematic areas include lower back and knee. 75% of participants continue to do workouts at home as a prevention strategy against injury occurrence. Conclusion: This concluded that the occurrence of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries during the lockdown was moderate.

Phytochemical Analysis and Plant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis from Quercus Incana

Phytochemical Analysis and Plant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis from Quercus Incana Traditional medicines play significant role as healers, in addition to the synthetic drugs, for different diseases. Plants form a significant part of traditional healing and hence, Quercus incana was chosen for nanoparticles synthesis, biological screening and phytochemical analysis to determine a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant. The phytochemical screening was carried out using column chromatography (CC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), identification and structure elucidation of pure compounds were done by using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (1D and 2D-NMR, IR, UV, Mass). Through phytochemical analysis, fourteen compounds were isolated, among them four compounds (decane-1, 1,4-triol [1], 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentanoic acid [2], 2-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-5-methoxyphenol [3], and 3-(2-hydroxy-4 methoxyphenyl) butane-1, 1-diol) [4] were new rare class of aliphatic alcohols and acids. Along these new compounds ten known compounds (Cirsimaritian [5], Eupatorin [6], b-amyrin [7], Betulin [8], Ursolic Acid [9], 3 β-hydroxy-30-Norlupan-20-one[10], 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate [11], β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside [12], 1-Triacontanol [13], and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) [14], were isolated for the first time from Quercus incana except Ursolic Acid. Small sized, polydispersed gold nanoparticles were synthesized using all fractions of Quercus incana (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous fraction) and isolated compound (b-amyrin). 4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile was used for the synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles. Biological screening of extracts, nanoparticles and pure compounds showed tremendous results. All fractions of Quercus incana were analyzed for antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content and antimicrobial potential. Among all fractions, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed immense biological activities as these fractions may contain polyhydroxy compounds which contribute to the enhancement of activities. Synthesized nanoparticles were screened for antibacterial activity and it was found that extract xi loaded nanoparticles may be used as antibacterial agents by comparing it with crude extract. Crude extract was found inactive at low concentration whereas nanoparticles showed good activity against human pathogens. The unique properties of silver and gold nanoparticles have stimulated the increasing interest in the application of nanoparticles in interfacing biological recognition events with signal transduction and in designing biosensing devices exhibiting novel functions. The recognition behavior of nanoparticles were explored with different drugs and results showed that only Ag-NPs (4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) had biosensing ability towards cephalexin. Isolated compounds were screened for anti-biofilm, cytotoxic and anticancer activity. Eupatorin, Cirsimaritin and β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside showed good anti-biofilm activity which explored the medicinal use of these compounds in pharmaceutics as an anti-biofilm agent. A preliminary screening of natural product compounds was carried out against NCI-H460 (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) cell line. The compounds; 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate, Betulin, Eupatorin, and Cirsimaritin showed good anticancer activity. The compound, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate was found more active anticancer agent against NCI-H460 cell line. Similarly, Cirsimaritin, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate and Betulin showed good cytotoxic activity against NIH-3t3 (Normal Fibroblast) cell line.
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