موضوع6:تدوین متن کے مدارج
فراہمی متن:
کسی کتاب کی تدوین کے لیے اس کے جملہ قلمی اور مطبوعہ نسخے فراہم کرنے چاہییں۔چونکہ عملا ایسا مشکل ہے اس لیے اہم نسخوں سے مدد لینا کافی ہے۔
ترتیب متن:
ماخذات کو زبانی،فکری اور موضوعاتی ترتیب دینا
تصحیح متن:
متن جب مصنف کی منشاء کے قریب نہ ہو تو محقق اسے منشائے مصنف تک پہنچانے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔اس کوشش کو تصحیح متن کہا جاتا ہے۔متن کی تصحیح کا کام چونکہ بہت ذمہ داری کا ہوتا ہے اس لیے یہاں تساہل نہیں برتا جا سکتا۔
تحقیق متن:
تحقیق کے اصولوں کو عمل میں لائیں جو ماخذ ہم تک پہنچا ہے یہ کتنا مستند ہے۔مخطوطے کی پوری طرح چھان بین کریں۔اس کے عہد کے پیرامیٹر ز سے اس کی جانچ کریں۔اگر دو نسخوں میں ایک ہی مقام پر دو مختلف قراتیں ہوں تو کس کو ترجیح دی جائے ؟ متنی نقاد کو ہر قرات کے بارے میں مثبت یا منفی رائے دیتے ہوئے بہت سوجھ بوجھ سے کام لینا چاہیے۔ دونوں صورتوں میں اس پر بہت بڑی ذمہ داری عائد ہوتی ہے :
۱۔ اگر ایک نسخے میں قرآت میں ایسا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے جو مصنف کے عہد میں رائج نہیں تھا یا کم رائج تھا یا اس کا تلفظ مختلف تھا اور دوسرے نسخے کی قرآت اس عہد سے زیادہ قریب ہے تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۲۔ ایک بامعنی قرآت کو بے معنی قرآت پر ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۳۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ زائد ہیں تودوسری قرآت قابل ترجیح ہوگی۔
۴۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ حذف ہیں تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۵۔ اگر ایک قرآت بامعنی ہے لیکن سیاق وسباق کے مطابق نہیں ہے تو دوسری کو ترجیح...
Among the amazing variety of forms of poetic expression by the folk of the Punjab region, this essay has selected three genres: mahiya, dhola and jugni. The study is meant to compare these three genres of Punjabi folklore, in their evolution, structure, expression and themes. The study finds that the three genres are very old in time origin and tracing their exact origins in history is impossible, only few hints are available. Their structures are variable, as mahiya has a fixed structure, dhola has rather loose structure giving more freedom to the singer-poet, and jugni has a specific meter in certain lines, but it has freedom to repeat some lines for perfect expression of the melody. The structures in fact follow the tunes, distinct for each genre. Three genres have many themes common, but jugni has spirituality as dominant theme, dhola has expression of love as dominant them and mahiya has now become quite inclusive, but it originated as expression of love and it still retains that character in its core. The folk heart of Punjab has endeared these three genres so much that these are appreciated far and wide in original tunes, but new experiments of tunes and themes are also underway. Being a true mirror of simple unsophisticated villagers these folk songs would lose popularity if these villagers become sophisticated hence the need for their preservation is highlighted in this study.
The focus of the study was on the democratic leadership style of head teachers and how it
impacts teachers morale in federal government elementary schools in the Rawalpindi
region in Pakistan. This research concentrated on how teachers perceived democratic
leadership style of their head teachers and how teachers feel about morale in relation to
the democratic leadership practices at their schools. This research was guided by three
objectives: a) To find out the influence of democratic leadership style of head teachers on
the morale of elementary school teachers in Pakistan. b) To find out how democratic
leadership styles of head teachers develop high morale among elementary school
teachers?
All thirty-two federal government elementary schools situated in Rawalpindi city were
the population of study to find out which elementary school head teachers were practicing
democratic leadership style in their schools. For the collection of required data, mixed
methods approach was utilized. A leadership styles Questionnaire measuring democratic,
Authoritarian and Laissez-faire developed by Northouse (2009) was used to find out
leadership styles of school head teachers. The school head teachers who exercised
democratic leadership style were considered for further collection of data. For which
in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with their school teachers to find out
the influence of democratic leadership style on the morale of those teachers. Further, the
researcher used a basic interpretive method of analysis and thematic analysis to analyze
the interview data. The data analysis showed that due to the use of democratic leadership
style the elementary school teachers morale was high. Teachers acknowledged trust,
support, and motivation as factors that influenced their morale. This research has
confirmed that the use of democratic leadership style has a positive influence on the
morale of elementary school teachers in Pakistan.