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اہم تحقیقی و تدوینی اصطلاحات

اختلاف نسخ: تدوین متن میں میں مختلف نسخوں کے اختلافات
نسخہ: کسی قلمی یا مطبوعہ کتاب کی ایک جلد
اساسی نسخہ/بنیادی نسخہ: وہ نسخہ جسے تدوین میں اہم ترین مان کر متن دیا جائے۔
خطی نسخہ/قلمی نسخہ: ہاتھ سے لکھا ہوا نسخہ
دستخطی نسخہ: مصنف کے ہاتھ کا لکھا یا ٹائپ کیا ہوا نسخہ
وحید نسخہ: اگر کسی متن کا دنیا میں ایک ہی نسخہ ملتا ہو اور کوئی نقل نہ ہو تو اسے وحید نسخہ کہتے ہیں۔
آمیختہ نسخہ: وہ نسخہ جس کا متن پہلے کے دو نسخوں سے ملا کر تیار کیا گیا ہو۔
ماخذی نسخہ: جس نسخے سے کسی دوسرے نسخے کی نقل کی جائے
ماخذ: کتابیات کا پہلا مفہوم
مسودہ/کاپی ٹیکسٹ: جو صاف نسخہ تیارکرکے طباعت کے لیے دیا جاتا ہے
کلیات: کسی شاعر کا مجموعہ کلام (نثر /نظم) جو شاعر نے خود یا پھر کسی دوسرے شخص نے
مرتب کیا ہو۔
اشاریہ: کتاب کے آخر میں متن میں مذکورہ اشخاص، مقامات، کتب، اداروں وغیرہ
کی ہجائی ترتیب مع صفحہ نمبر
اوقاف: جملے، فقرے اور لفظ میں توقف اور تخصیص وغیرہ کے نشانات
رموزاوقاف: اوقاف کی علامتیں
بیاض: کسی کی ذاتی کاپی جس میں وہ اپنے یا دوسروں کے اشعار ، نظمیں یا غزلیں لکھ
لیتا ہے۔
تحریف: کسی شعر یا نثری جملیکے اصل متن میں تبدیلی کردینا
تخریج: کسی ادیب یا شاعر کے کلام میں دوسرے کلام کی نشاندہی کرنا
تحشیہ: کسی متن پر حاشیے لکھنا
ترقیمہ: مخطوطے کے آخر میں کاتب کی اختتامیہ عبارت جس میں کاتب کا نام، مالک
کتاب یا فرمائش کنندہ کا نام، زمان و مکان کتابت، اختتامی شعر وغیرہ میں
سے کچھ یا سب دیے ہوں
تسوید: کسی مضمو ن یا کتاب کا پہلا مسودہ لکھنا
تصحیح: متن میں اگر کچھ صریحا غلط ہے تو اس کو درست کرنا
حاشیہ:...

خصائص قرآنی - تفسیری تناظر میں

The Qur'an has innumerable features. Its teachings serve as blessing and guidancefor the whole mankind. It provides complete code oflifefor man. It catersfor both life in the present world and that in the hereafter. The Qur'an is regarded as inimitable due to the accuracy ofscientific information presented 1400 years ago and only recently proven or discovered, as well as for its unprecedented Arabic literary style of highest standard. This article discusses extraordinary features of the Qur'an as explained and highlighted by majority of commentators of the Qur’an in their commentaries of the Qur'an.

Rate Optimization and Resource Allocation in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Rate Optimization and Resource Allocation in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks The phenomenal rise in the number of connected devices and the demand for service quality and channel capacity in wireless networks is severely limited by the scarcity of available resources such as energy and bandwidth. New communications and networking paradigms such as cooperative communication and cognitive radio networks have emerged in recent years which can intelligently and efficiently utilize these resources. Cognitive radio enables the cognitive nodes or Secondary Users (SUs) to sense any opportunity for transmission without degrading the Primary Users (PUs) transmission. This helps in efficient utilization of the available radio spectrum. Cooperation among PUs and SUs can greatly enhance the performance of the cognitive radio network. In this thesis, we have considered various spectrum access strategies in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks (CCRNs) using distributed matching algorithms in order to optimize the PU and/or SU sum-rate. SUs cooperatively relay PUs messages based on Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Decode-and-Forward (DF) cooperative techniques, in exchange for accessing some of the spectrum for their secondary communications. From the literatures, we found that the Conventional Distributed Algorithm (CDA) and Pragmatic Distributed Algorithm (PDA) aim to maximize the PU sum-rate resulting in a lower sum-rate for the SU. In this contribution, we have investigated a suit of distributed matching algorithms. More specifically, we investigated SU-based CDA (CDA-SU) and SU-based PDA (PDA-SU) that maximize the SU sum-rate. We have also proposed the All User-based PDA (PDA-ALL), for maximizing the sum-rates of both PU and SU groups. All schemes are investigated under the idealistic scenario involving perfect coding and perfect modulation, as well as under practical scenario involving actual coding and actual modulation. Explicitly, our practical scenario considers the adaptive coded modulation based DF schemes for transmission flexibility and efficiency. More specifically, we have considered the Self-Concatenated Convolutional Code (SECCC), which exhibits low complexity, since it invokes only a single encoder and a single decoder. Furthermore, puncturing has been employed for enhancing the bandwidth efficiency of SECCC. As another enhancement, physical layer security has been applied to our system by introducing a unique Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) based puncturing to our SECCC scheme. Furthermore, we present a secrecy sum-rate maximization based matching algorithm between PUs and SU cooperative jammers in the presence of an eavesdropper. We present the achievable secrecy regions by employing friendly jammers which transmit noise to impair the eavesdropper’s ability to decode the message. The cooperative jammers are allocated a fraction of the bandwidth in compensation for their help to transmit jamming signals towards the eavesdropper, which in our case is an untrusted relay node. We provide results for the secrecy rate regions, where we consider only relaying link between the source and the destination. We also provide results for the secrecy rate regions when we consider a direct link between the source and destination in addition to the relaying link. The Conventional Distributed Algorithm (CDA) and the Pragmatic Distributed Algorithm (PDA), which were originally designed for maximizing the user’s sum rate, are modified and adapted for maximizing the secrecy sum-rate for the primary user. In the end we considered a scenario such that a single PU can acquire help from multiple SUs. More explicitly, we consider an untrusted relay scenario, where the relay is a potential eavesdropper. The transmission of the proposed scheme is divided into three time slots, i.e., broadcast and jamming phase, relaying phase and the jammer’s secondary transmission phase or utility phase. We employ multiple jammers where we first fix the position of two jammers and study the behavior of introducing another moving jammer to maximize the secrecy further. We consider a leader-follower game theoretic model where the primary user (source) is the leader and the secondary users (jammers) are the followers. To facilitate the behavior of cooperative jammers, a Nash equilibrium based power control mechanism is employed. We consider two scenarios for our power control mechanism, where in the first case the jammers simultaneously transmit their information (non-orthogonal) during the jammer’s utility phase, while in the second case the jammer’s utility time slot is divided equally among the participating jammers (orthogonal) to mitigate interference caused by the participating jammers.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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