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تعلیم میں کمپیوٹر کا کردار

تعلیم میں کمپیوٹر کا کردار
قوموں کی زندگی میں کچھ لمحات ، ان کی تاریخ میں امر ہو کر ہمیشہ کے لیے عزم، ولولے، حوصلے، استقامت اور ترقی وخوشحالی کے سفر پر ان کو آمادہ کرتے ہیں۔ قرآنِ پاک میں ہے کہ انسان کے لیے کائنات کی ہر چیز مسخر کر دی گئی ہے۔ فرمانِ باری تعالیٰ کے مطابق کائنات کی ہر چیز انسان کے تابع ہے۔ انسان جب چاہے جہاں چاہے اور جیسے چاہے کائنات کے ذرّے ذرّے پر حکومت کر سکتا ہے۔ قرآن کی اس آیت نے اہل کتب کی زندگی میں انقلاب برپا کر دیا اور کمپیوٹرکو دیکھ کر قرآنِ پاک کی حقیقت تو اور بھی الم نشرح ہو جاتی ہے کہ انسانوں کے لیے کائنات کی ہر چیز مسخر کر دی گئی ہے۔
کمپیوٹر الیکٹرانک کی ایک ایسی ایجاد ہے جو ہمارے لاکھوں مسائل ، ہماری بے شمار مشکلات آناً فا ناًدرست انداز میں حل کر دیتی ہے۔ اس میں معلومات جمع کرنے کے بعد دوبارہ حاصل کی جاسکتی ہیں یہ اعدادوشمار جمع کرنے اور ان کا تقابلی جائزہ لینے کے کام بھی آتا ہے۔ دوسرے الفاظ میں اس کی (Approach) اور (Data) کاعمل انسانی دماغ سے کئی گنا بہتر اور جلد ہوتا ہے یہ معلومات کو (Print) کرنے کی بھی صلاحیت رکھتا ہے۔
کمپیوٹر سوئچ، تاروں، موٹرز، ٹرانسسٹرزاورکئی مر بوط سرکٹوں پرمشتمل فریمز کا مجمود ہوتا ہے۔ یہ فریمزمختلف اجزء مثلاً ٹائپ رائٹر، لائن پرنٹر ،کارڈ اور مرکزی پراسیسنگ یونٹس پر انحصار کرتے ہیں یہ تمام اجزاء ایک (Network) جسے کمپوزنگ کمپیوٹنگ نظام کہتے ہیں کی خاطر کام کرتے ہیں۔
کمپیوٹر کا تاریخی پسِ منظر کچھ یوں ہے کہ 1823ئ؁ میں ایک برطانوی ریاضی دان چارلس جو ہندسوں کے مرحلے کے فرق کے اُصول پر کام کرتی تھی اس نے اپنی اس مشین کو Difference Engine( ڈفرینس انجن (کا نام دیا۔ اس...

A Protective Effect of Commercial Green Tea on Ibuprofen Induced Changes in Renal Function Tests of Adult Rats

Background: Nephrotoxicity of ibuprofen is a growing international public health problem in the wake of excessive use of the drug for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases in both adults and pediatric patients. Objectives: To present an overview of the protective effect of the green tea on ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys. Methods: It is an experimental study conducted in the department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi. The investigation was led on 30 male and non-pregnant female Sprague Dawley rodents of 9-11 weeks old enough and going in weight from 200-330 gm. The animals were divided into three groups consisting of 10 animals each; group A served as control, each animal in group B was given ibuprofen at a dose of 120 mg/kg/day and each animal in group C was given both green tea at a dose of 1ml/100g/day and Ibuprofen 120mg/kg body weight for a period of 9 weeks. Ibuprofen manufactured by Abbot Laboratories (Pvt.) Limited was utilized. Green tea was obtained from local market. Data was collected at the end of experimental period and was analyzed using SPSS version 22. One Way ANOVA was exerted, afterwards by post-hoc Tukey test to find out intergroup differences for quantitative variables. The results were depicted as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). A p value < 0.05 was believed significant. Results: Green tea administration had a significantly favorable effect on serum urea (mg/dl) (Group A=21.9 ± 2.8, Group B=93.2 ± 3.9, Group C=36.4± 3.0; p<0.001) and serum creatinine (mg/dl) (Group A=0.9 ± 0.22, Group B=2.4± 0.52, Group C=0.97 ± 0.3; p<0.001). Conclusions: Green tea had ameliorative effects on the ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys.

Theoretical Studies of Lanthanide Transition Metal Intermetallics in Cscl-Structure

The objectives of this work was to explore the structural, electronic, elastic, magnetic and thermoelectric properties of the strongly correlated electron system, LnTM (Ln= Dy, Ho, Gd, Yb, Lu, Tb, Er, Tm and TM= Pd, Ag, Rh, Ir) and ScTM (TM= Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ir, Pt, Au, Ag and Cu). The procedure used in this work was the full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbital (FP-LAPW+lo) calculations based on density functional theory. The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of these compounds are calculated by LDA, GGA, LDA+U, LDA+SOC and LDA+U+SOC schemes. The calculated lattice parameters are found to be in close agreement with the available experimental results. The localized behavior as well as rela- tivistic e®ects of electrons in the d-states of ScTM (TM= Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ir, Pt, Au, Ag and Cu) compounds are also revelled. These compounds have 3d, 4d and 5d orbitals and, hence strong electron-electron correlation and spin orbit coupling (SOC) e®ects were expected therefore the structural and electronic properties are also determined by using the Hubbard potential U to incorporate correlation e®ects, while to consider relatvistic e®ects, SOC is used. The spin-orbit coupling e®ect splits the d/f-state of the elements with in the compounds. The SOC e®ect increases from 3d to 5d transi- tion elements in the ScTM (TM= Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ir, Pt, Au, Ag and Cu) compounds, which shows fascinating response of SOC e®ect as electronic structure changes from element to element. The elastic constants of these compounds are also calculated. Our calculated elastic constants values of the compounds are consistent with the available experimental as well theoretical results. From the elastic constants, di®erent mechanical properties such as bulk modulus (B), Young''s modulus (Y), shear modulus (G), Poisson''s ratio (À), Kleinman parameters (³) and anisotropic ratio (A) for the compounds under study are also evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanical parameters i.e; Paugh ratio (B/G) and Cauchy pressure (C00) are calculated to determine the ductililty and brittleness of the materials under study. The obtained me- chanical properties are then applied to ¯nd the sound velocities and Debye temperature. Furthermore, post-DFT calculations are carried out to investi- gate the Seebeck coe±cient and electrical conductivity of the ScTM (TM= Co, Ni, Pd, Rh, Ir, Pt, Au, Ag and Cu) at constant temperature, 300K. High values of Seebeck coe±cient and electrical conductivity are observed for these materials. The considerable values of the calculated Power Factor for these materials at room temperature shows that these materials maybe useful for high temperature thermoelectric devices.
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