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بچوں کے مشاغل

بچوں کے مشاغل
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
صدرِ ذی وقار اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر لب کشائی کا موقع فراہم کیا گیا ہے وہ ہے:’’بچوں کے مشاغل ‘‘
جنابِ صدر!
بچہ بچہ ہوتا ہے خواہ وُہ دولت مند گھرانے میں پیدا ہوا ہو یا اس کی پیدائش فقر و فاقہ سے بھر پور ماحول میں ہوئی ہو، اس کے والدین تر نوالے والے ہوں یا افلاس وغربت کے مارے ہوئے، اس کے خاندان کا ایک نام ہو یاگلی کوچوں میں پڑے ہوئے تنکے کی طرح گمنام۔ بچہ والدین کو بہت پیارا اورآ نکھ کا تارا ہوتا ہے۔ خواہ اس نے حر یرو پرنیاں کا لباس زیب تن کیا ہو یا چیتھڑوں میں ملبوس غربت و افلاس کی تصویر بنے ہوئے اپنے کچے آنگن میں مٹی سے کھیل رہا ہو۔
صدرِذی وقار!
بچہ جو بھی ہے وہ فطرت اسلام پر پیدا ہوتا ہے بعد اس کے والدین پرانحصار ہے کہ وہ اسے یہودی بنائیں یا نصرانی ۔ بچے کی اپنی ایک دنیا ہوتی ہے۔ بچے کا اپنا ایک ذوق ہوتا ہے۔ بچے کی اپنی ایک نفسیات ہوتی ہے بچے کا اپنا ایک مشغلہ ہوتا ہے۔
معزز سامعین!
زمانہ رضاعت میں تو بچے کے مشاغل مختلف نوعیت کے حامل ہوتے ہیں ، شیر خوار بچہ کبھی اپنی والدہ کی پھولدا ر قمیض کی طرف دیکھ کر محظوظ ہورہا ہوتا ہے۔ کبھی اس کی انگلی روشن بلب کی طرف اٹھ رہی ہوتی ہے، کبھی اس کی آنکھ رنگین پردے پر ٹکٹکی باندھ کر دیکھنے میں مشغول ہوتی ہے۔
سامعینِ حضرات!
یونہی بچے شیر خوارگی کی عمر سے آگے نکلتا ہے تو اس کے مشاغل تبدیل ہو جاتے ہیں۔ اس کی سوچ کچھ پروان چڑھتی ہے اس کے ذوق میں...

Perception of Home Demands, Demography, and Mental Health amongst Married Women During COVID-19

This study aims to explore the relationship between the perception of home demands, demography and mental health of married women during the COVID-19 pandemic. The predictive role of perception of home demands, and demographics has also been assessed, in determining the mental health of married women during the pandemic. A sample of 250 married Pakistani women, between 20 to 55 years, with at least one child and minimum matric qualification, were included in the study. Participants were administered a self-constructed questionnaire. Regression analysis showed that quantitative home demands and husband’s employment status were significant negative predictors of anxiety and depression in women, whereas emotional home demands and mental home demands were significant positive predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress in married women. The results of this study help to highlight the work pressure women are facing during the pandemic and to support reform in balanced gender role expectations in society. This study also has implications for mental health practitioners, feminists, social workers, psychologists, and policymakers.

Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Their Role in Biocontrol of Fusarium Stalk Rot of Maize Zea Mays L.

Biocontrol using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is an eco-friendly, sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. The present investigation was aimed (i) to isolate and characterize the indigenous antagonistic rhizobacteria which inhibit the infection and proliferation of Fusarium moniliforme, the casual organism for stalk rot, (ii) to evaluate their potential as bio-inoculant in pot experiment under axenic condition as well as under natural conditions of field (iii) to determine the mechanism of action of the PGPR with particular emphasis on antibiotic production. In the first experiment, characterization of 117 rhizobacteria, isolated from the rhizosphere of non-infected and stalk rot infected maize plants grown from Jhang, Yousafwalla and Islamabad territory, were made. The antifungal potential of the PGPR were determined against Fusarium moniliforme, Helminthosporium sativum and Aspergillus flavus. Out of 117 rhizobacteria, 50 rhizobacteria have shown the potential to inhibit the growth of F. moniliforme, Helminthosporium sativum and Aspergillus flavus. These rhizobacteria were further tested for the production of siderophores, antimicrobial secondary metabolites (antibiotics and HCN), production of hydrolytic enzymes (chitinases, proteases, cellulases) and phytohormone production (IAA). On the basis of their efficacy, 18 rhizobacteria were selected as potent biocontrol agent. These selected rhizobacteria were also used as bio-inoculant on maize in an experiment conducted under axenic conditions. Out of these, six rhizobacteria codes as 4nm, NDY, JYR, PTWz, Y5 and Yio have shown higher survival efficiency in soil and significantly improved the growth of maize seedlings. These rhizobacteria were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and two antagonistic rhizobacteria JYR, 4nm, NDY PTWz, Y5 and Yio were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus firmus, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus pumilus, respectively. In the second experiment, the efficacy of antagonistic rhizobacteria was evaluated alone and in combination with fungicide against stalk rot in maize. The experiment was conducted under axenic conditions in pots. All the antagonistic rhizobacteria significantly reduced (up to 61%) stalk rot disease in maize plants. The antioxidant enzymes like superoxidase dismutase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, proteases and chitinases were enhanced significantly in the rhizobacteria inoculated maize plants. The combined applications of B.endophyticus, P.aeruginosa JYR and P.aeruginosa 4nm were at par with the full dose (0.2%) of chemical fungicide for controlling the growth of F.moniliforme in maize plants. In the third experiment, the selected rhizobacteria were evaluated as bio- inoculant on maize under natural conditions of field. Four antagonistic rhizobacteria including P. aeruginosa JYR, B .endophyticus Y5, P. aeruginosa 4nm and Pseudomonas sp. NDY exhibited significant decrease (up to 56%) against stalk rot in field. The percentage decrease in disease severity was higher under axenic conditions in pots as compared to that of the field experiment. There were significant increase in enzymes activities, PR proteins and endogenous IAA level in maize leaves. Low concentration (half dose, 0.1%) of fungicide applied in combination with antagonistic rhizobacteria augmented the effect of antagonistic rhizobacteria by 1.36 folds. In fourth experiment, the antagonistic rhizobacteria were characterized for the production of antibiotics 2, 4, diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), pyrrolnitrin (PRN), Phenazine (Phz), and Zwittermicin A and the genes involved in the biosynthesis of antibiotics were detected by PCR. The phenazine and pyrrolnitrin biosynthestic genes were found in three Pseudomonas strains P. aeruginosa JYR, P. aeruginosa 4nm and Pseudomonas sp. NDY while, zwittermicin A biosynthetic gene was found in Bacillus endophyticus. The production of phenazine and the expression of its biosynthesis genes by Pseudomonas strains wee quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and RT-PCR, respectively. It is inferred from the results that P. aeruginosa JYR, B. endophyticus and P. aeruginosa 4nm are the most efficient and consistent antagonist PGPR. Three Pseudomonas strains produce antibiotic and their expression of genes possibly correlate with their activity as biocontrol agent.
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