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سید اطہر حسین(آئی۔ اے۔ ایس۔)

سید اطہر حسین آئی ۔ اے ۔ ایس
جناب سیٹھ عبدالعزیز انصاری صاحب کا غم ابھی تازہ ہی تھا کہ دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامیہ کے ایک اور بہت معزز اور باوقار رکن جناب سید اطہر حسین صاحب آئی۔اے۔ایس بھی رحلت فرماگئے، اناﷲوانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ یکم مارچ ۱۹۲۰؁ء کو پیدا ہوئے اعلیٰ تعلیم کے لیے الٰہ آباد یونیورسٹی میں داخل ہوئے، اور ایم۔ایس۔سی کی ڈگری لینے کے بعد ۱۹۴۲؁ء میں سرکاری ملازمت میں آگئے، ڈپٹی کلکٹری سے ترقی کر کے آئی۔اے۔ایس ہوئے اور حکومت اترپردیش کے اعلیٰ عہدوں پر فائز رہے، تقریباً سات برس تک مرکزی حکومت سے وابستہ رہے، ملازمت کے دوران مصر و امریکہ کے سفر بھی کیے، آخر میں ریاستی حکومت کے سکریٹری کی حیثیت سے ریٹائرڈ ہوکر فیض آباد میں مستقل طور پر قیام پذیر ہوگئے تھے کہ یہیں ۲۰ دسمبر کو قلبی عارضہ میں انتقال ہوگیا، والبقاء ﷲ وحدہ۔
جناب سید اطہر حسین صاحب نے سرکاری ملازمت کی گوناگوں مشغولیتوں کے باوجود تحریر و تصنیف کا مشغلہ بھی جاری رکھا، اور انگریزی اور اردو میں اسلام کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر چھوٹی بڑی درجنوں کتابیں یاد گار چھوڑیں، شعر و سخن کا بھی عمدہ ذوق تھا، اس کی ابتداء رفیقہ حیات کی غمناک موت سے ہوئی، وہ بڑے زودگو تھے، بہت جلدان کی غزلوں کے کئی مجموعے شائع ہوئے، پھر نعتیہ اور مذہبی شاعری کی طرف متوجہ ہوئے، بڑے اچھے مترجم بھی تھے، متعدد اہم دینی کتابوں کے ترجمے انگریزی میں کئے ، انتقال سے ایک ماہ قبل جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم کی کتاب ’’اسلام میں مذہبی رواداری‘‘ کا انگریزی ترجمہ مکمل کر کے دارالمصنفین بھیجا، ان کو ترجمہ پر حیرت انگیز قوت تھی، ۸۲؁ء میں وہ کسی سرکاری کام سے دہلی گئے تھے، اسی زمانہ میں ہمدرد نگر میں بین الاقوامی قرآن کانگریس ہورہی تھی، اپنی دلچسپی کی وجہ سے...

Performance of Banking Industry After Privatization in Pakistan: A Case Study of Mcb Bank Limited

This research work aims to investigate the impact of privatization on the performing efficiency of MCB Bank Limited Privatization and the phenomenon of denationalization after the failure of socialism and communism globally. As the direction of enteritis was predetermined by state which in long term affected the performance of state-owned entities on many fronts even they reached at the verge of collapse and state was compelled to inject capital for their survival. Ultimately the state took drastic steps and initiated the process of denationalization and privatization to keep the industry intact in the changed scenario. In 1974, during Z.A. Bhutto regime Pakistan’s banking industry was nationalized with prime objective to address the issues of backward segments of economy but unfortunately after privatization industry was used for political motives and witnessed poor performance and financial indiscipline due to frequent interference in the affairs of banks particularly in lending activities and hiring of inefficient human resources. Resultantly banks failed to deliver as per expectation of masses and could not deliver quality customer services on one hand and accumulation of infected portfolio on the other which in turn swallowed the profitability and the capital of banks. It is revealed that bank has tremendously performed in all Key Performing Indicators, it has improved its profitability manifold, deposit base is significantly enhanced and became more liquid and solvent.

The Role of the Ribosome Binding Site Sequence and Spacer Length Between Binding Site and Initiation Codon on Cry2 Expression in Bacillus Host

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces Cry toxins that possess toxic properties and can be used as biopesticides. Cry2Aa and Cry2Ac are among unusual subset of crystalline proteins possessing broad insect species specificity by exhibiting high specific activity against larvae from two insect orders, Lepidoptera and Diptera of agricultural and public health significance. The cry2Ac11 gene is located at third position (orf3) in operon comprising of three genes. It needs accessory proteins for crystal formation and high yield. Translation initiation is key rate-limiting step. It is well-known that stable structure at a ribosome binding site (RBS) impedes initiation. Modification in RBS-spacer region tunes translation initiation rates. Genetic manipulation of cry2Ac11 gene without helper protein was carried out in this study by optimizing ribosomal binding site and spacer region (RBS-ATG) in translation initiation region (TIR). The five different types of mutations were introduced in TIR to unveil inhibitory and excitatory effects on translation. These mutants are: 1), operSalI/RBSD and mut/RBSD in which downstream RBS (GGAGG) 6 bp downstream to native RBS was introduced in TIR of cry2Ac11 operon and gene; 2), mut/RBSF in which four nucleotides (ATGGG) were incorporated after RBS-ATG spacer region; 3), mut/RBSSin which overlapping start and two stop codons were introduced after RBS-ATG spacer region; 4), mut/RBSSP in which RBS-ATG spacerregion waslengthened to 23 nucleotides; 5), mut/RBS2 in which consecutive two ATGs were incorporated in TIR. Secondary structures of mutants, estimated by CLC Main Workbench, revealed that mut/RBS2 RNA exhibits most stable structure in RBS-AUG region. RBS Calculator predicts high translation rate in mut/RBSD and mut/RBS2. Mutants were expressed in B. thuringiensis 4Q7 acrystalliferous strain. The transcriptomics-proteomics profiles of all cry2Ac11 constructs provide a unique opportunity to investigate how faithfully the transcriptional profile is manifested at the protein level. Therefore, in this study correlation between mRNA abundance and protein expression profiles in all Cry2Ac11 recombinant strains were also investigated. The highest transcript profile of B. thuringiensis 4Q7-mut/RBS2, (a mutant in which consecutive multiple AUG were introduced), was obtained by Real time PCR. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE profile of total cellular proteins indicated that overexpression of Cry2Ac11 (65kDa) was obtained in 4Q7-mut/RBS2. It was concluded that overexpression of Cry2Ac11 toxin without helper protein in mut/RBS2 mRNA was most likely due to presence of consecutive start codons (AUGs) in TIR. Presence of RBS in the single stranded part of moderately stable hairpin loop (ΔG = 8.7 kcal/mol) in mut/RBS2 facilitates the interaction of RBS to the complementary 16S rRNA sequences of 30S ribosomal subunit. In proposed model, multiple factors are thought to contribute in translation efficiency of mut/RBS2 (cry2Ac11 mutants without helper protein) which includes stabilizer sequence at 5′ and 3′ ends, the availability of the RBS for binding to the anti-SD of 16S rRNA of 30S ribosomal unit and optimal context of RBS-AUG region provided by multiple AUGs in TIR.
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