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شوکت سلطان

آہ !شوکت سلطان
ہمارے آگے ترا جب کسو نے نام لیا
دلِ ستم زدہ کو ہم نے تھام تھام لیا
۸؍ ۹جنوری ۱۹۸۶؁ءکو دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء لکھنؤ میں اسلامی ادب پر ایک بین الا قوامی سیمینار تھا، جس میں ہندوستان کے علاوہ عرب ممالک کے علماء اور فضلاء بھی کافی تعداد میں شریک تھے، وہیں جناب سید حامد صاحب سابق وائس چانسلر مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ نے یہ اندوہ ناک خبر دی کہ شبلی نیشنل پوسٹ گریجویٹ کالج کے سابق پرنسپل جناب شوکت سلطان کی وفات ہوگئی، یہ خبر سننے کے لیے تیار نہ تھا، اعظم گڑھ سے ۶؍ جنوری کو لکھنؤ گیا تھا، اس وقت تک ان کی کسی علالت کی کوئی اطلاع نہ تھی وہ اپنی بڑی لڑکی سے ملنے علی گڑھ گئے ہوئے تھے، اعظم گڑھ سے لکھنؤ ان کی وفات کی کوئی خبر نہیں تھی، بے حد پریشان اور ملول ہوا، خیال ہوا کہ علی گڑھ سے ان کی میت اعظم گڑھ ضرور آئے گی، اور شبلی منزل کے احاطہ ہی میں ان کی ابدی آرام گاہ بنائی جائے گی، نہایت پریشانی میں لکھنؤ سے اعظم گڑھ روانہ ہوا، کہ شاید جنازہ میں شرکت ہوجائے، یہاں پہنچا تو معلوم ہوا کہ وہ ۳۰؍ دسمبر ۱۹۸۵؁ء کو اپنی اہلیہ کے ساتھ لڑکی سے ملنے کے لئے للت پور گئے، ۵؍ جنوری کو فجر کی نماز کے لیے اٹھے، وضو کا پانی مانگا تو کچھ تکلیف محسوس کی، چارپائی پر لیٹ گئے تو پھر ابدی نیند سوگئے، وہیں اﷲ تعالیٰ کی رحمتوں اور برکتوں کی آغوش میں سپرد کردیے گئے، اس سانحہ کی خبر۸؍ جنوری کی شام کو اعظم گڑھ پہنچی، میں ۱۰؍ جنوری کو دارالمصنفین پہنچا تو جمعہ کی نماز کے بعد اسی کے احاطہ میں ان کے جنازہ کی غائبانہ نماز پڑھی گئی، اس میں شریک تو ہوگیا، مگر یہ خیال اب تک...

Discourse on Modernity and Tradition in Madrassa Education

Despite being the torch bearers of the glorious tradition of Islamic learning and ethical training, the madāris have been the target of Western on slaught in modern times. As immense importance was given to the acquisition of knowledge in Islam, the early centers of Islamic knowledge were imparting education according to the letter and spirit of it, but with the passage of time that tradition could not be upheld. Though Qarawiyīn, Al-Azahar, Niẓāmiyah are a few classical madāris where religious and secular teachings were incorporated into one, the latter madāris separated the religious from the secular (worldly) education. Formation of colonial states made the condition worse. During the Afghan war, the madāris flourished in Pakistan but after 9/11 they were deemed responsible for the attack. The paper aims at producing a discourse on this transition of madrassa education from tradition to modernity and intends to suggest recommendations for the upgradation and revival of the educational system of madāris.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Electric Discharge Machining of Tungsten Carbide Tooling

Tungsten carbide-cobalt composite (WC-Co) is widely used for manufacturing of tools, dies, and molds due to its high hardness, high strength, and excellent wear resistance. Applications of WC-Co in tooling require complex shapes to be machined including curved and tapered features. It is generally known that WC-Co is a difficult-to-machine material due to its very high hardness and non-homogeneous microstructure.Present research work is carried out to investigate the effect of workpiece geometry, wire-electrode properties, and wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters on machining of complex profiles (curved profiles in taper mode) in WC-Co and to optimize the process for getting better machining performance. This research work is accomplished in two phases. Separate sets of experiments are conducted for the two phases. Phase-I is aimed at optimizing the dimensional accuracy for machining of concave and convex curved profiles in WC-Co through control of WEDM process parameters. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array is employed for design of experiments.Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and main effects plots are used to identify the significant factors affecting the two response variables namely, radius of concave profile and radius of convex profile. Regression optimization is carried out to determine the settings of WEDM parameters in order to obtain optimal values of response variables. Phase-II is carried out to compare the machining performance of uncoated brass wire and zinc-coated brass wire in terms of taper angle error, cutting speed, and workpiece surface roughness, for cutting of complex profile in WC-Co. The influence of workpiece taper and WEDM parameters on angular error, cutting speed, and workpiece surface roughness is also investigated and optimization is carried out. Taguchi orthogonal array L18 is used for design of experiments. ANOVA, main effects plots, and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis are used to identify significant factors and their optimal levels in order to get better machining performance. Heat-affected zone of selected workpieces is analyzed with the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and recast layer, micro-cracks, and micro-chipping are observed in the closed vicinity of machined profiles. Micro-indentation hardness of selected samples is also measured. Experimental results reveal that zinc-coated brass wire offers higher cutting speed but poor surface finish as compared to uncoated brass wire. At optimal values of process parameters, there is an increase of 31% in cutting speed and a reduction of 31% in workpiece surface roughness for machining using uncoated wire. The corresponding values for zinc-coated wire are 26% and 5%.
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