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فرنچ ایم۔ پیری
فرنچ ایم ، پیری
مشہور ترک دوست فرنچ ایم، پیری لوطی، کی ۷۳ سال کی عمر میں موت کا تمام دنیا کو علم ہوچکا ہے، لیکن اس سے بہت کم لوگ واقف ہوں گے کہ اس کے مکان میں جاپانی، چینی اور ترکی وضع کے کمروں کے علاوہ ایک مسجد بھی تھی۔ (دسمبر ۱۹۲۳ء)
Frequency and Psychosocial Determinants of Gender Discrimination Regarding Food Distribution among Families
Due to male dominance in society as well as in households, the rights of females are ignored. Hence, there exists gender discrimination while giving food to family members which in turn results in poor health status for females. Therefore, it is important to explore the causes of this unequal distribution of food among family members Objective: To determine psychosocial factors causing gender discrimination regarding food distribution among families Methods: Data collected from fifty females aged 15-80 years, selected from the urban community using non-probability consecutive sampling, were used for analysis. Females with malnutrition, psychological disorders, with laparotomy and major surgery were excluded. Gender discrimination was assessed as males or male children were preferred for better and more food items like fresh food, meat, fruits, milk, dairy products and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to see the impact selected factors on gender discrimination Results: The large family size (> 6 members) showed significantly higher odds of discrimination (OR=3.89; 95% CI= 1.03-15.26) than smaller families. The odds of food discrimination were 4 times more for the families, with males being earning hand (OR=4.57; 95% CI= 1.19-18.31). Similarly, there exist higher odds of gender discrimination in low-income families (OR=5.10; 95% CI= 1.18-23.87). While maternal education reduces the chances of food discrimination (OR=0.10; 95% CI= 0.02-0.42) Conclusions: Psychosocial factors such as large family size, low monthly income, males being earning hand and maternal education were found to be associated with gender discrimination regarding food distribution among family members.Stress Patterns in Pakistani Standard English
English, as a non native variety, in Pakistan has acquired its own form most pronounced on the phonological level. The few attempts to study its structures treated phonology as marginalized part of lexical or syntactic descriptions. And even when phonological descriptions are carried out, the focus was segmental features only. Consequently, the present study aims to explore supra-segmental features exclusively which make significant differences in pronunciation and cause problem of unintelligibility. Among many sub-varieties of Pakistani English (PE), the variety of English news media which is considered to be Pakistani Standard English (PSE) is investigated through auditory and acoustic phonetics. For acoustic analysis, Praat software is used to get the waveform and spectrographs of word structures. Later, these prosodic structures are discussed in detail. Moreover, syllable structures and prosody of PSE are analysed in the optimality theory framework. First, the constraints on the syllable and word stress patterns were ranked to form a grammar of these phonological features by forming violation Tableaus to understand interaction of these constraints. Further more, a new way of doing OT is introduced in this thesis, that is violation computing method (VCM). This method addresses the most complicated issue of OT analysis- ranking of constraints. The VCM is applied by ranking constraints of two phonological processes in PSE- syllable structure and word stress patterns. It is further tested and verified by re-analysing constraints interaction with the method suggested by Prince & Smolensky (1993/2004). It is concluded that among many other differences, PSE forms ‘iambic’ foot pattern; unlike native varieties of English which make ‘trochaic’ foot pattern.Journals by Discipline
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