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الفصل الثانی: الشعر الجديد في شبة القارۃ الهندية

الفصل الثانی: الشعر الجديد في شبة القارۃ الهندية

 أعطی(ألطاف حسين حالي) للشعر وبالخصوص للغزل الأردو الأسلوب الجدید، واستوعب النقاد من بعض التجارب والأقوال علی أن ’’ذلك شعر علی شکل نثر‘‘[1]، وحصلت اللغۃ الأردیۃ علی الأسلوب الجدید وبعض أنواع الشعر، وقد حصل الشعر الأردو علی الأسلوب المنفرد عند إقبال’’[2] فیہ التنوع والترفع أیضاً‘‘[3]۔
وظھرت بعض أنواع الشعر الجدید توضح وتعالج بعض مشاکل المجتمع في العصر الحاضر، ولکن شعراء العصر الحديث اھتموا بالمنظومات ومن أھمھم (فیض أحمد فيض)۔

 وقبل قیام باکستان کان للشعر دور کبیر في البحث عن طرق جدیدۃ والمساعدۃ في تشجیع المسلمین ضد الإحتلال والظلم، ولکن بعد قيام الباکستان تراجع الشعراء وتوقفوا عن التشجیع۔ والشاعر الکبیر الدکتور محمد إقبال کان رجلاً سیاسياً وعالماً کبیراً وقد لُقبَ بشاعر الشرق وکان فیلسوفاً مشھوراً وحصل علی شھادۃ الدکتوراہ، وُلد في 9 نوفمبر في 1877م ولہ أعمال أدبیۃ وسیاسیۃ وإجتماعیۃ رائعۃ، ولہ أشعار في اللغۃ الأردیۃ والفارسیۃ وکان لہ خبرۃ في اللغۃ العربیۃ ولہ عدۃ تصانیف منھا : (i)بال جبریل (ii) جاوید نامہ (iii)أسرار خودي، وقدم نظریۃ الباکستان وطنًا مستقلاً للمسلمين في الهند، وحصل علی شهادة السنۃ العاشرة في 1893م ثم علی الثانویۃ العامۃ في 1895م، وبعدھا حصل علی شھادۃ البکلوریوس في 1898م وحصل علی الماجستیر في الفلسفۃ في 1899م ثم سافر إلی انجلترا في عام 1905م، وبعدھا سافر إلی ألمانیا والتحق بجامعۃ میونخ وحصل علی شھادۃ الدکتوراۃ في عام 1907م من جامعۃ میونخ وقدم رسالۃ الدکتوراہ تحت عنوان (ارتقاء ما بعد الطبیعیات) ولہ أشعار ممتازة ومعروفۃ ، مثال علی ذلك۔

اوروں کا ہے پیام اور، میرا پیام اور ہے
عشق کے درد مند کا طرز کلام اور ہے
شمخ سحر کہہ گئی، سوز ہے زندگی کا راز
غمکدہ نمود میں...

SCHOOL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT COMPETENCIES FOR IMPROVED ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RIVERS STATE NIGERIA

The study investigated school business competencies for improved administrative effectiveness in Public Secondary School in Rivers State. Three research questions and two null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 286 principals in all the public secondary schools in Rivers State. A sample of 166 through a stratified random technique was determined using the Taro Yamane formula. The instrument of the study was a self design instrument captioned “School Business Management Competencies Questionnaire (SBMCQ) and Principal Administrative Effectiveness (PAE) with the reliability coefficients of 0.77 and 0.84 respectively which was determined through the Cronbach alpha statistics. Mean scores and standard deviation was used to answer the research questions while Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was sued to test the hypothesis. It was discovered that the highest kind of business available in the public school is related to cafeteria / canteen services and that also to a high extent, resourcefulness as a business management competency improves administrative effectiveness in public secondary schools in Rivers State. It concluded that for the school administrators to manage the school business effective (administrative effectiveness), they must possess the core competence of resourcefulness, conceptual thinking and administrative organisation. It was recommended among others that the principal should have a comprehensive understanding of the school complex nature and also think critically at both abstract and concrete level to harmonize a rather multifaceted business challenges in the school and proffer realistic solutions.

Emerging Trends and Challenges in the Use of Icts for Better Access to Agricultural Information in the Punjab, Pakistan

Being informed about agricultural innovations is imperative for farmers to cope with complex challenges of farming. Information dissemination from research to farmers is an integral phenomena to lead technological awareness among farmers. Therefore, access to timely and accurate information is a need of farmers to become aware of the latest agricultural information for agricultural development. There are different information sources including traditional and modern media being utilized by farmers to nurture themselves with updated information. Among traditional sources, fellow farmers, extension field staff, radio and TV are more prominent as perceived by farmers. However, information received through these sources is considered partially effective and surrounded with constraints of cost, broadcasting, efficacy and relevancy. Inception of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) rendered a new horizon to the information dissemination process bearing potential of sharing information among large communities in no time. This esteemed technology reduces the cost and enhances the access and efficacy ultimately. With the passing moments, users of these technologies are uprising. integration of ICTs in extension services could uplift the standards of services and access to information as compared to traditional sources. However, farmers may be facing many challenges in the use of these ICTs because of illiteracy or other factors. Therefore, it was considered essential to investigate the emerging trends and challenges in the use of ICTs and training needs of the users. For this purpose, a total of 400 respondents were selected through simple random sampling technique from two districts of the Punjab province. Data were collected through face to face interviews. Collected data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). According to the findings regarding information sources, fellow farmers (71%) and mobile (60.3%) were prominent while websites, helplines and newspapers were least choices. Possession of ICTs appeared varied, however, mobile phones at highest possession and extensive utilization (mean=4.61). Use of websites, helplines, internet and computers was negligible. Awareness of ICT based services appeared average, however, information on crop production, protection, marketing, weather updates and livestock management was preferably accessed by farmers. Moreover preference of mobile phone was unveiled dominating (mean=3.86) because of being more effective as better agricultural information source (mean=4.17), source of improving farming skills (mean=4.12), source of accurate information (mean=3.96), better communication (mean=4.05) and timely information (mean=4.32,) as compared to all other ICT tools. Effectiveness of other tools was restricted due to extensive cost (mean=3.75), inadequate education (mean=3.65) and accessibility to internet (mean=3.23). Study further highlighted highest training needs of farmers regarding use of helplines, internet, websites (mean=3.21) and computers (mean=2.83). Study summarized that overall use of ICTs was below average except mobile phone. It can be stated that ICTs have a great potential which has not been achieved so far. There existed negative relationship between age of respondents and use of internet, computer, social media, landline phone, agri. helpline and agri. website for obtaining agricultural information. Furthermore, a significant positive relationship was found between education of farming community and use of various ICTs. Pearson correlation coefficient shows significant and negative relation between age of farmers and their preference to TV and agri. helpline for obtaining agricultural information in future. In addition, a significant positive relationship was found between education of farming community and future use of various ICTs.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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