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سیدہ آمنہ کی وفات

سیدہ آمنہؓ کی وفات
سیدہ آمنہؓ اپنے شوہر کی وفات کے بعد ان کی قبر کی زیارت کے لیے نہیں جا سکی تھی ۔ اب انہیں موقع ہاتھ لگا تو اپنے لخت جگر کو جن کی عمر چھ سال کے لگ بھگ تھی اور ام ایمن کو ساتھ لیے شوہر کے مزار پر حاضری دینے کے لیے سوئے مدینہ روانہ ہوئیں ۔ ایک ماہ قیام کرنے کے بعد واپسی کا راستہ لیا ۔ قدرت خدا کی دیکھیے کہ راستے میں بیمار ہوئیں اور ابواء کے مقام پر پہنچیں تو ان کا آخری وقت قریب آ گیا اور وفات پا گئیں ابواء کے مقام پر دفن کر کے ام ایمن سیدالصادقین ﷺ کو لے کر مکہ آئیں اور عبدالمطلب کو اس واقعہ سے آگاہ کیا آپ کو بہت دکھ ہوا ‘ولادت سے پہلے باپ چل بسا اور اب والدہ بھی اللہ کو پیاری ہوگئیں اس حال میں یتیم پوتے کو سینے سے لگا کر رو پڑے انہوں نے آپ ﷺکو اپنی کفالت میں لے لیا اور والدین کی کمی محسوس نہ ہونے دی ۔
اہم نکتہ: بعض سیرت نگاروں نے لکھا ہے کہ سیدہ آمنہ ؓمدینہ میں اپنے رشتے داروں کو ملنے گئی تھیں یہ بعید از قیاس ہے کیونکہ سیدہ آمنہ کی اپنی ذاتی رشتہ داری نہ تھی ۔ اگر یہ بات کہی جاتی کہ سیدہ آمنہؓ اپنے سسرال کے رشتہ داروں سے اپنے نور نظر کی شناسائی کے لیے تشریف لے گئی تھیں تو بجا ہوتا کیونکہ وہ سسرالی رشتہ دار تھے اور سسرال کی ننھیال بہت دور کی رشتہ داری کی بات ہے اور علامہ شبلی کہتے ہیں کہ میرے نزدیک بعض مورخین کا یہ بیان درست ہے کہ حضرت آمنہ ؓاپنے شوہر کی قبر کی زیارت کے لیے گئی تھیں جو مدینہ میں مدفون تھے بعض مورخین نے لکھا ہے کہ آمنہ...

زنا کے معاشرتی اثرات اور حد کی تنفیذ کا نبوی منہج: تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Adultery, immorality and sexual misconduct is a major crime, which has been condemned in all previous legislations sent by Allah, ancient nations, the bedouin tribes and in Islamic law. The religion of Islam not only forbids adultery, rather it prohibits going even near the causes leading to it. From medicinal point of view, adultery may cause AIDS, herpes etc. The word “zina” means to have sexual relationship without a marriage contract. Its synonyms in Arabic are: al bigha, al safah, al anat, and al fahisha.  Islam imposes punishment on unmarried people committing adultery. According to Imam al shaf’i, the punishment is one hundred lashes for both man and the woman, and exile for one year. Whereas Imam Abu Hanifa only imposes one hundred lashes. For a married adulterer, the punishment is hundred lashes and death by stoning. Rest of the jurists unanimously agree that they will only be stoned to death. Majority of the scholars agree that if a concubine commits adultery, she will be giving fifty lashes. According to Saeed bin Musayyib, she will be beaten in order to teach her decent manners. In order to impose the punishment of zina on someone, it will be ensured that the adulterer is an adult, the woman should not be from a country who is at war with the Muslims, she is alive and the adultery has taken place in a Muslim country. Among the the repulsive results of adultery are spread of sexually transmitted diseases, increase in number of illegitimate children, lesser percentage of legitimate children and increase in crimes. One of the factors pointing towards the prohibition of zina is that it has been   forbidden since early Islam and a severe punishment has been imposed on it. Of the vices of zina is the mixing up of lineages.  Our society today is flooded with immoral behaviour, which is endangering our “iman” and “yaqeen” and is driving our society towards destruction. This wave of immorality has reached the elite of the society and it is obligatory upon every individual to put his share in stopping it.

Molecular Screening of Stripe Rust Resistance Genes in Segregating Wheat Populations and its Evaluation in the Field

Stripe rust, a serious threat to food security, has a worldwide distribution and also responsible for up to 70% yield losses in wheat. There is a dire need to develop stripe rust resistant varieties which is an environment friendly and ultimate solution to minimize yield losses in wheat. The present study was aimed to investigate the genetic diversity in a segregating population’s genome that is enriched with yellow rust genes and their interactions with agro-morphological traits. In this study, two segregating wheat populations (NIGAB-08 and NIGAB-09), which were developed at National Institute of Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB) have been analyzed at seedling and adult plant stage against stripe rust along with its effects on yield contributing traits. Further, it was screened for the presence of stripe rust resistance genes by using various available molecular markers. In all, NIGAB-08 (F5 and F6) segregating population comprised of 50 wheat lines and NIGAB-09 (F5 and F6) segregating populations having 86 wheat lines have been evaluated for yield contributing traits in the consecutive two years. Among them, 50 wheat lines of NIGAB-08 and 60 wheat lines of NIGAB-09 were evaluated for genetic variation in markers linked with stripe rust in consecutive two years. Results have shown that Coefficient of Infection (CI) value has a negative correlation with yield per plant by direct or indirect effects on other traits including tillers per plant, spikelet per spike, spike length and 1000 grains weight. Moreover, it has been observed that spike length, spikelet per spike and thousand grain weight have a positive correlation with yield per plant. Regression analysis in NIGAB-08 showed the same results that spikelet per spike, spike length and 1000 grains weight are the significant yield contributing traits. Then the segregating wheat populations were evaluated for yellow rust resistance at seedling and adult plant stage. In NIGAB- 08, 87% of the population was resistant, 2% having the intermediate type of resistance and 10% was susceptible at seedling stage (in greenhouse experiment) that indicate the presence of major yellow rust (Yr) resistant genes in this population. While NIGAB-09 wheat population was observed for 83% resistant, 5% intermediate and 13% of the population found as susceptible. It showed that the population is enriched with major Yr genes. NIGAB-08 showed 16% of the population was resistant, 47% showed an intermediate type of resistance while 35% was found as susceptible at adult plant stage. These results indicate that NIGAB-08 wheat population has less number of minor Yr genes as compared to major Yr genes. In Field evaluation, 79% of NIGAB-09 population was scored as resistant, 11% with intermediate type of resistance and 10% as susceptible. These results showed that the population is also enriched with minor Yr genes along with some major genes. Both wheat segregating populations (NIGAB-08 and NIGAB-09) were assayed for the presence of stripe rust resistance genes by using 27 SSR and microsatellite markers. In NIGAB-09 wheat population, on the basis of distance of marker from target gene, Yr5 showed 56% presence in F5 population and 55% in F6 whereas; Yr7, Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr35 Yr36, YrCN19/Yr41 and YrHua showed 58%, 70%, 70%, 45%, 70%, 52%, 64%, 78%, 26% and 56% presence in first year of study respectively ( F5 Population) and 70%, 62%, 92%, 47%, 90%, 70%, 70%, 70%, 75% and 83% in second year of study (F6 population), respectively. In NIGAB-08 segregating wheat population, it had been observed that frequency of Yr5 was 84% in F5 segregating lines and 88% in F6 population while the Yr7 genes was 44% present in F5 and 30% in F6 population whereas Yr15, Yr17, Yr18, Yr26, Yr29, Yr35 Yr36, YrCN19/Yr41 and YrHua were 72%, 54%, 68%, 56%, 94%, 46%, 56%, 54% and 48% abundant in the first year of study (F5 Population) while, 94%, 46%, 88%, 70%, 92%, 48%, 62%, 50% and 62% in consecutive next year of study (F6 segregating population). Dendrograms have been developed for both populations on the basis of low Coefficient of Infection value, higher Thousand Grain Weight and Yield per plant (values) to identify the slow rusting lines in these segregating wheat populations along with best agro-morphological traits. One line of NIGAB-08 (Line no. 40) and eighteen lines of NIGAB-09 (Line no. 2, 6, 10, 17, 20, 21, 22, 27, 30, 35, 39, 49, 82, 84, 89, 94, 97, and 108) have shown best results in terms of seedling screening, field evaluation against stripe rust along with agro-morphological traits and in molecular evaluation in these wheat lines. When wheat lines were selected on the basis of best results at seedling stage and adult plant resistance, the two lines of NIGAB-08 (23, 36) and 35 wheat lines of NIGAB-09 (5, 16, 19, 24, 26, 28,29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 52, 54, 57, 60,61, 62, 68, 70, 71, 73, 83, 86, 95, 98,105, 109, 110) were found in this category. Nine wheat lines of NIGAB-08 (4, 11, 10, 35, 63, 41, 32, 53, 61) and twenty wheat lines of NIGAB-09 (51, 8, 69,107, 3, 88, 85, 65, 93, 87, 27, 92, 76, 74, 12, 75,106, 13, 25, 38) have shown good results in screening at adult plat stage with best agro-morphological traits and in molecular evaluation. This study has been focused on to screen segregating wheat populations in all aspects, which are enriched with stripe rust resistance genes which can further be utilized in developing commercial wheat varieties. Some novel genes have also been identified during these studies which were not previously reported in Pakistani wheat cultivars.
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