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شفیق الرحمن قدوائی

شفیق الرحمن قدوائی
شفیق الرحمن مرحوم اگر چہ شہرت و ناموری کے عام معیار سے کو ئی بڑے آدمی نہ تھے مگر اپنے ایثار و قربانی، اخلاق وکردار، اخلاص و عمل اور خاموش اور بے لوث خدمات کے لحاظ سے بہت سے بڑے بڑے لیڈروں پر فائق تھے، جامعہ ملیہ کے لئے تو انھوں نے اپنی زندگی وقف کردی تھی اور سرد و گرم دور میں بھی اس سے جدا نہ ہو ئے، اور یہ کہنا غلط نہ ہوگا کہ جامعہ انہی کی محنت و جانفشانی کی بدولت زندہ رہ گیا، ظاہر وباطن دونوں میں مسلمان اور اپنے اوصاف کی بنا پر ہر جماعت میں مقبول تھے، کا نگریس اور حکومت دونوں کے سنجیدہ طبقہ میں ان کا بڑا وقار و وزن اور اخلاقی اثر تھا، مگر وہ اتنے بے لوث تھے کہ کبھی اس اثر سے فائدہ اٹھانے کی کوشش نہیں کی، ان کو بنیادی تعلیم کا عملی تجربہ تھا، اس کے وہ ماہر تھے، اس لئے یو این او کی جانب سے اس کام کے لئے انڈونیشیا بھیجے گئے تھے، ابھی وہ وہیں تھے کہ گذشتہ الیکشن میں کانگریس نے ان کو دہلی اسمبلی کے لئے مقرر ہو ئے، مگر اس سے بھی ان کا فائدہ اٹھانے کا موقع نہ مل سکا، تھوڑے ہی دنوں کے بعد بیمار پڑگئے، اور چند مہینے بیمار رہ کر ۳؍ اپریل کو انتقال کیا، انتقال کے وقت کل ۵۳ سال کی عمر تھی جو سیاست کی دنیا میں عین شباب کی عمرہے، مسلمانوں میں اب ایسے مخلص اور باعمل آدمی مشکل سے پیدا ہوں گے، اﷲ تعالیٰ اس پیکر اخلاص کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اپریل ۱۹۵۳ء)

 

Social Framework Analysis Through Oedipus Complex in Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

Sons and Lovers has always been posing problems for the teachers, during classroom critical discussions on the novel on account of its undue association with Freud’s concept of Oedipus complex and his focus on sexual instincts. Readers are forcibly led to the conclusion that there is convincing evidence of unconscious sexual attraction between Gertrude (the mother) and William and Paul (her sons) throughout the novel. The novel basically focuses on the individual’s mental and behavioral struggle to locate his own place in the social setup in pursuit of his dignity. An open-minded close examination of the novel makes one realize that it hardly deserves to be labelled as an illustration of Freud’s theory of Oedipus complex. Paul’s struggle for recognition and acceptance in the society is the central theme of the novel, which puts him in trying conditions and relations and leaves him struggling to adjust his place in quest of self-esteem and recognition. The more he tries to get satisfaction, the more he becomes disillusioned. Consequently, dissatisfaction leads him to interact with different people and he experiences maladjustment. The object of this paper is to analyze Paul’s relations with other main characters in the novel in order to diagnose the cause of his discontentment in his relations with them. An attempt has been made to view his predicament in the light of psychological and social cross-currents that pervade his behavior through-out the novel, Paul finds intellectual harmony with Miriam as her feelings match with those of his. Like Paul, she also wants to achieve something great. A cleavage occurs in their relationship when Miriam shows her reluctance to fulfil his carnal desires, as being unethical and contrary to her spiritual ideals. Paul’s sensual desires are fulfilled by Clara, a woman promising physical satisfaction but devoid of aesthetic sensibilities, which again compel him to turn to some new destinations. A thorough analysis of the novel Sons and Lovers clearly reveals that there is very little influence of Oedipus complex, while there is a strong chemical bond and natural affection between the mother and son which is a natural human instinct. Paul finds solace in the company of Gertrude simply on account of natural reasons and not for any amoral urge like Oedipus complex.

Biotyping of Bemisia Tabaci and its Associated Endosymbionts from Punjab

Bemisia tabaci has been well documented as one of the most economically important emergent plant virus vectors, through serious feeding damage to its broad range of plant hosts to important agricultural crops. Among the crops cotton is an important cash crop of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer country in the world. It holds importance to run the huge textile industry in Pakistan. Production of good quality cotton is affected by Cotton Leaf Curl disease in cotton producing areas of Pakistan, B. tabaci is an efficient vector of CLCuV, its ability to transmit disease varies with its genetic composition that may be determined by geography and climatic conditions of that location. There is an urgent need to unfold the secrets behind its diversity, but efforts to explore the genetic status of this insect were insufficient and inconsistent and multiple approaches are available to identify the species/biotype status of B. tabaci further add confusion to the situation. To evaluate the biotype of B. tabaci specific to this region was important. The purpose of this study was to provide information about the biotype and secondary endosymbiont distribution for B. tabaci populations in the Punjab. There are two parts of this study, the first part deals with the exploration of biotypes, the genetic and haplotype diversity among the COI sequences of B. tabaci of Punjab. The second part deals with the identification of 16S rDNA sequences of endosymbionts of B. tabaci, and its phylogenetic analysis. The geographical localization and variation in endosymbiont populations across the region were identified using a sequence-driven analysis of the population genetics of the secondary endosymbiont. Live field specimens were collected from 39 different locations among 16 districts of Punjab and preserved in Absolute ethanol for genetic studies. Previously established procedures were used to extract and purify total insect DNA from 3 individual whiteflies for each location. PCR was run with two sets of primers designed on two loci for the highly conserved whitefly Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene for biotyping. The Bayesian phylogeny of COI sequences revealed the B. tabaci populations of Punjab belongs to Asia I genetic group. Out of all the 7 genetic clades of B. tabaci, it was observed that sequences of COI of this study grouped with the sequences from the neighbouring countries like China, India and Nepal in Asia I clade. Specimens were subjected to PCR amplification using the general 16S rDNA primers for the Portiera, Arsenophonus, Rickettsia, Cardinium and Wolbachia to amplify endosymbiont DNA. The ML trees of endosymbionts of B. tabaci showed that the endosymbionts strains detected in this study grouped with the previously reported endosymbionts and these endosymbionts found to be the other strains of known endosymbionts of B. tabaci from other parts of the world. Samples were sequenced using the Sanger method and the data analyzed to correlate the presence, prevalence and geographical distribution of endosymbionts in B. tabaci. Phylogenies were constructed to track evolutionary differences amongst the endosymbionts and insects and how they have influenced the evolution of the regional populations. Samples were characterized by differences in the genomes and endosymbionts distribution among the population of B. tabaci from Punjab.
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