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محمد اجمل خان

محمد اجمل خان
افسوس ہے کہ محمد اجمل خان صاحب ممبر پارلیمنٹ نے طویل علالت کے بعد انتقال کیا، مرحوم پرانے کانگریسی تھے، ان کا وطن الہ آباد تھا، انہوں نے پنڈت جواہر لال کے ساتھ قید و بند کی مصیبتیں جھیلی تھیں، آزادی کے بعد عرصہ تک مولانا ابوالکلام کے سکریٹری رہے، اس زمانہ میں کئی مرتبہ ان سے ملاقات کا اتفاق ہوا، سیاسی ذوق کے ساتھ صاحبِ علم و قلم بھی تھے، عربی سے پوری طرح واقف تھے، ان کا خاص موضوع کلام مجید کی نزولی ترتیب تھا، اسی نقطۂ نظر سے انہوں نے سیرت قرآنی کے نام سے آنحضرتﷺ کی ایک سیرت لکھی تھی، ادب و انشاء کا بڑا ستھرا ذوق رکھتے تھے، غبار خاطر پر انہوں نے جو مقدمہ لکھا ہے وہ مولانا ابوالکلام کے رنگ میں اتنا ڈوبا ہوا ہے کہ یہ امتیاز کرنا مشکل ہے کہ ان کے قلم کا ہے یا خود مولانا ابوالکلام کے قلم کا، وہ اپنے بعض خیالات میں منفرد تھے، لیکن اسلامی حمیت ان میں پوری طرح موجود تھی، بلکہ حالات نے ان کو اور بڑھا دیا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی لغزشوں سے درگذر اور ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۶۹ء)

 

Conditions and Qualification for Being a Judge in the Light of the Islamic Law

‘Adl and Qisṭ is indeed a manifestation of God’s mercy, rather, it may also be seen as a principal objective of Shariʿah. The origin or sources of administration of justice in Islām are the Quran, Sunnah of the holy Prophet, consensus of opinions of the jurists of Islamic jurisprudence and Analogy (Qiyās). Justice is a sacred obligation of supererogatory. It is obligatory upon the Muslim rulers to appoint judges for the dispensation of justice to attain equality, to protect the human rights from their violation, to safeguard the lives and properties, and to maintain law and order in society. As a judge is supposed to accomplish a very important and noble task being a regent of Allāh, hence, some vital merits and criteria regarding the conditions and qualifications for the appointment of the Qāḍī or judge in the light of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence and the code of conduct for the Pakistani judges must be observed at all costs. The author of this paper has discussed these conditions and qualifications in this article. There are some unanimous conditions for the appointment of judges, while some others are not agreed upon. While presenting the difference of opinions of the Islamic jurists, the author tried to explain, reconcile the opinions and at some places presented her own view in the light of her analysis and arguments. These conditions are around thirty, but the author according to her own discretion chose some of the most important ones to discuss in this paper.

Variational Models in Image Segmentation Using Fuzzy Set Theory

Computer vision is an important field in which techniques are developed to study and understand the properties and structure of a 3D scene present in a digital image (2D scene) and output is just some descriptive information. While an intermediate step to computer vision is field of image processing in which input and output are both images and has five main components, i.e image segmentation, detection, tracking, registration and shape analysis. Image segmentation is main concern of this research work in context of the theory of fuzzy sets [97]. The key to fuzzy sets is fuzzy membership (FMB) u obeys the constraint 0 6 u 6 1. Level set method (LSM) [66] which naturally handles splitting and merging of the evolving curve C, is a well established technique for performing image segmentation. In this thesis, to solve a partial differential equation numerically, a pseudo level set expression [38] relied on u alike LSM is used and the curve C is considered as pseudo zero level set of u. Fuzzy set is generalization to crisp set and is more generalized approach towards image domain classification based on idea of partial membership of belonging described by a FMB function. Therefore, in many real situations in images, issues like poor contrast, limited spatial resolution, overlapping intensities, noise and inhomogeneities produces fuzziness in the object boundaries and hence fuzzy set theoretic approach is an ultimate option to utilize. Utilizing such approach, we have developed five models for segmentation of variety of images. First model (see Chapter 4) is developed for segmenting images having multiobjects with variable intensities and background having maximum, minimum, average or cluttered intensities. For such achievements generalized averages are merged in kernel metric and FMB is utilized as region descriptor. Second model (see Chapter 5) developed uses approximate image in kernel metric obtained by multi scale filtering technique to ensure segmentation of images consisting of less or severe inhomogeneity. To tackle more complicated task of segmenting images having noise, texture and inhomogeneity at the same time our third model (see Chapter 6) is developed utilizing idea of measure of relative variability i.e coefficient of variation (COV), which is further extended to multiphase image segmentation model (see Chapter 7). Extraction of particular features in medical images is another very challenging task, to solve we have developed our selective segmentation model (SSM) (see Chapter 8) by utilizing idea of multi scale difference image with COV. Overall in this thesis, our main focuss is on the development of variational models in fuzzy sets framework. Evaluation of the proposed approach on a number of datasets and benchmark validate its superiority over other existing models in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
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