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حضرت امام ِ اعظم(امام ابو حنیفہ رحمۃ اللہ علیہ)

حضرت امامِ اعظم رحمۃ اللہ علیہ
(امام ابوحنیفہ رحمۃ اللہ علیہ)
عمر ہا در کعبہ و بت خانہ می نالد حیات
تا زبزم عشق یک دانائے راز آید بروں
کائنات کا نظام قانونِ قدرت کے مطابق چل رہا ہے، حیات و ممات کے اپنے مراحل ہیں شمس و قمر کے اپنے اپنے مدار ہیں ، باغِ حیات میں گلہائے رنگا رنگ کا وجود اپنی زیست کا ثبوت مہیّا کرتا ہے۔ گگن کی وسعتوں میںظلماتِ شب کو اجالا بخشنے والے کواکب رنگینیاں بکھیر رہے ہیں ، بادِنسیم کے مسحور کن جھو نکے عروقِ مردہ میں حیات بخش قطروں کی ترسیل کا سبب بن رہے ہیں۔ فلک بوس پہاڑ ، شاہینوں کی پرواز ، مجاہدوں کی للکار، صوفی کی تسبیح ، کسان کی جُہدِمسلسل، مومن کی شبِ بیداری، خطیب کا خطبہ ، واعظ کا وعظ ، منصف کا فیصلہ یہ سب اس بات کی دلیل ہیں کہ کوئی تو ہے جس نے یہ سارا نظام سنبھال رکھا ہے، اور وہ ایک خدا ہے۔
؎ جو دن کو رات اور رات کو دن بنا رہا ہے وہی خدا ہے
مختلف اوقات میں مختلف لوگ خدا تعالیٰ کے وجود کاا نکار کرتے رہے اور اللہ تعالیٰ اُن کا منہ توڑ جواب دینے کے لئے نابغۂ روزگار ہستیاں پیدافرماتا رہا، ان نفوسِ قدسیہ میں ایک عظیم نام نعمان بن ثابت بن مرزبان (امام ابوحنیفہ رحمۃ اللہ علیہ) کا ہے۔
آپ رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کا نام نعمان ، ابوحنیفہ کنیت ، امام اعظم بالاتفاق لقب ہے آپ رحمۃاللہ علیہ کی کنیت ابوحنیفہ آپ کی اولاد کی وجہ سے نہیں بلکہ کنیت وصفی ہے یعنی ابا الملۃ الحنیفہ اور بوجہ آیت مبارکہ’’ واتبعو ملۃ ابراہیم حنیف‘‘ ابراہیم حنیف کی ملت کی اتباع کرو۔ آپ رحمۃ اللہ علیہ نے اپنی کنیت ابوحنیفہ اختیار فرمائی اور اللہ تعالیٰ نے اسے شرفِ قبولیت بخشا جو...

The Local Government System of Pakistan: Participation, Representation and Empowerment of Women

Politics is the field where women have been ignored since ancient times, due to the political notions determined by ideological beliefs and cultural norms. Among the United Nations’ measures remove gender inequalities, includes recommendation for reserving 30 per cent seats for women in legislatures. In Pakistan, this remarkable change was effected in 2000, as it reserved 33 percent seats for women at the local government and 17 per cent at the Provincial/National Assemblies and the Senate level, so about 40,000 women entered in local bodies throughout the country in 2000-01, and almost 55,000 women contested local government in 2005. Despite these developments, women are still facing challenges that deter the full realization of their roles as active interlocutors of policy-making. Keeping in view these aspects, this paper has analyzed the local government, focusing on women, exploring whether the increasing number of women in legislatures is merely a numerical strength, or is empowering them, too, Whether they are the ‘subjects of change’ or the ‘agents of change.’ It is calculated that administrative structures of local government is male-dominated, whereas women are trying to ensure their position, however, gendered barriers remain unbroken

Numerical Simulation of Time-Dependent Flow of Williamson Fluid With Heat Transfer

The investigation carried out in this thesis focuses on the numerical analysis of time-dependent flow and heat transfer of a non-Newtonian Williamson fluid. In the literature, several constitutive equations were calculated which describe the relation between stress and rate of strain for non-Newtonian fluids. We have chosen the constitutive equation as suggested by Williamson for pseudoplastic materials and proposed the model equations to describe the boundary layer Williamson fluid flow. The core focus of this thesis is to study the behavior of different geometries, like, planar stretching sheet, radially stretching sheet, stretching/shrinking sheet, stretching cylinder, expanding/contracting cylinder and static/moving wedge, for flow patterns of nonNewtonian Williamson fluid. We know that when fluid flows over a solid body, such as the hull of a ship or an aircraft, frictional forces retard the motion of the fluid in a thin layer close to the solid body. The development of this thin layer is a major contributor to the flow resistance and is of great importance in many engineering and industrial problems. Therefore, the study of such boundary layer flows of non-Newtonian fluids due to different stretching geometries have gained remarkable aspects in numerous industrial applications. Keeping this in view, the present thesis finds out how the stresses on the bodies are affected and to know the behavior of the Weissenberg number of these stresses in relation to the contribution of zero and infinity shear rate viscosity. Additionally, the non-Newtonian Williamson fluid flow due to different stretching surfaces finds its extensive applications in the area of agriculture, engineering, petroleum industries, geothermal reservoir and geothermal energy extractions. This thesis further presented the characteristics of heat and mass transport of nonNewtonian Williamson fluid. A computational code is developed for the present analysis and it is verified against the available numerical data. Numerical outcomes characterizing the performances of velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are captured through graphical illustrations. The surface drag force, heat and mass transfer rates are also obtained. It is found that the Weissenberg number slow down the fluid motion while it enhances the temperature distribution. Further, it is worth mentioning that an increment in the unsteadiness parameter diminishes the fluid velocity and temperature, respectively. It is interesting to note that the higher the viscosity ratio parameter has a tendency to decrease the skin friction coefficient substantially.
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