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حکیم محمد اسحاق

حکیم محمد اسحاق مرحوم
اعظم گڑھ کے مشہور طبیب حاجی حافظ محمد اسحق گزشتہ مہینہ اﷲ کو پیارے ہوئے، ان کی عمر پچاسی سال سے زیادہ تھی، دہلی کے طبیہ کالج میں طب کی تعلیم پائی، حکیم محمد اجمل خاں کے شاگرد تھے، ان کے مطب میں ان کے نسخے لکھا کرتے تھے، دہلی سے آکر اعظم گڑھ میں طبابت شروع کی، اپنے فن میں بڑی مہارت حاصل کرلی تھی، مریضوں کا علاج دلسوزی سے کرتے، علاج اور نسخہ نویسی میں فن کی روایت اور وقار کا پورا لحاظ رکھتے، کسی مریض کو یہ شکایت نہیں ہوئی کہ ان کی تشخیص غلط تھی، یا ان کا نسخہ صحیح نہیں تھا، شہر کے ہندو مسلمان کے ہر طبقہ میں عزت کی نظر سے دیکھے جاتے، شروع سے عمر کے آخر لمحہ تک کانگریسی رہے، ہر زمانہ میں کھدر پہننے کا اہتمام رکھا، ترک موالات، خلافت اور جمعیت العلماء کی تحریکوں میں نمایاں حصہ لیتے رہے، مولانا حسین احمد مدنیؒ سے بیعت بھی ہوگئے تھے، دارالمصنفین سے بڑا قلبی لگاؤ رکھا، شروع میں یہاں ہفتہ میں تین روز آتے، ان کی طبی مشغولیت بڑھی تو ہفتہ میں دور روز آنے لگے، آخر میں اپنی کبرسنی کے باوجود ہفتہ میں ایک روز ضرور آتے، ان کا یہ معمول ساٹھ سال تک رہا، دارالمصنفین کی مسجد میں برسوں تراویح پڑھائی، استاذی المحترم مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی، مولانا مسعود علی ندوی اور شاہ معین الدین احمد ندوی کو ان کے طریقہ علاج پر کامل اعتماد رہا، بولتے کم تھے، مگر ان کی زبان سے جو کچھ نکلتا، اس میں وزن، وقار اور اخلاص ہوتا، ان کی وفات سے شہر ایک ممتاز طبیب اور دارالمصنفین ایک بہت ہی مخلص، وضعدار اور کریم النفس قدرداں سے محروم ہوگیا، اﷲ تبارک و تعالیٰ ان کو کروٹ کروٹ جنت نعیم عطا کرے، آمین۔ (صباح الدین عبدالرحمن،...

Art and Architecture as A Space for Kalash Identity (A Case Study of Bumburet Valley in District Chitral Pakistan)

The present study was conducted in Bumburet valley of Kalash, District Chitral, Pakistan. The key technique used for data collection was participant observation in which the researcher lived in the community, observed and documented their cultural patterns as an indicator of their traditional culture which includes religious songs, folklore, dress, art and crafts, as a basis for identity. The basic purpose of the study was to understand the role and significance of arts and architecture as a prime tool for establishing identity for the conventional people of Kalash. The people of Kalash have managed to maintain their identity through their unique arts and crafts. Tradition resists change and most often remains unaltered in a static spatial arrangement. The changes which incorporate in Kalash traditions may find their way through peripheral adjustments. The traditions in art and crafts are scanty to find and the present artifacts does not throw any light on their origin. The art and architecture available signify their unique ways, and tradition which is definitely different from the other ethnic tribes in the shared geographical arrangement. The Kalash ethnic identity has faced several challenges like colonization in the past and modernization and technological advancement and conversion to Islam in the present. The Kalash insist on keeping their self-identity as well as participating in modernity. They have maintained their centuries old traditional culture, despite the fact of current globalization, and modernization.

The Impacts of Different Land Uses on Sediment Yield in Dharabi Watershed Chakwal, Pakistan

Soil is vulnerable to degradation through deforestation, desertification, salinization, overgrazing and soil erosion. Water erosion causing factors are slope, rainfall, soil type, plant cover, runoff and lack of soil conservation techniques. Present study was carried out in the Dharabi watershed (196 km2) in Chakwal district of Pakistan, where high intensity rainstorms (especially during summer) cause most of the erosion. First part compared the sediment yield from gully and terraced gully land use systems in two pairs of small catchments,-one at Rahna Sadaat and the other at Thoa Bahadar. In each pair, gully system was adjacent to the terraced gully system. Instruments (recording rainguage and water level recorder) were installed to monitor the runoff and sediment yield from all the catchments. Data of soil, land use and vegetation cover were recorded. During three years (2009, 2010, 2011), the sites received 547, 725 and 686 mm rainfall, respectively with corresponding Gumbel probability of exceedance as 0.67, 0.30 and 0.44. In 2010 and 2011, the terraced gully system produced almost 70 per cent lower average sediment yield as compared to gully system. Number of runoff events and runoff coefficient were lower in terrace system. The terraced system produced 64 per cent and 74 per cent lower sediment bound organic carbon losses at two sites with the largest amount of 88.4 kg ha⁻1 from gully catchment. At Rahna Sadaat, average annual loss of sediment bound nitrogen from Terrace-I was 2.5 times lower than from adjacent Gully-I. Loss of available phosphorus was also lower (<1 kg ha⁻1) due to lower content in the soils. Similar results were observed for loss of sediment bound available potassium at this site. Here, terraced catchment decreased annual average loss of extractable K by 3.5 times (0.29 kg xvi ha⁻1 as compared to 1.01 kg ha⁻1 from the gully catchment) during 2010-2011. In the second part, soil erosion plots were established. Soil loss from a cultivated slope on a terrace and an undisturbed slope with natural cover was evaluated to ascertain the impact of cultivation of slopes already converted into terraces. A relatively steep slope (11.2 per cent) and a gentle slope (6.1 per cent) with natural vegetation were compared with a gentle slope (5.8 per cent) on cultivated terrace with existing cropping pattern. Cultivated slope produced the highest (8.96 Mg ha⁻1) soil loss annually as compared to the other undisturbed gentle and steep slopes, viz., 2.08 and 4.66 Mg ha⁻1, respectively. This suggests that a cultivated field on terrace generate more soil loss compared to an undisturbed slope with natural vegetation having similar or higher slope gradient of 11 per cent. It is concluded from the results that the use of a terraced gully system is helpful in reducing losses of sediments and adsorbed nutrients to the reservoir. On the other hand, cultivation on converted sloping terraces increases the soil loss at plot scale. Findings of this study could help making policy decisions regarding the land use change and its downstream impacts.
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