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-ثمینہ سید کی افسانہ نگاری

ثمینہ سید کی افسانہ نگاری

منیر عباس سپرا، پی ایچ۔ڈی سکالر

اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ عصر حاضر کی خواتین افسانہ نگاروں میں ثمینہ سید ایک نامور افسانہ نگار ہیں ۔ان کے اب تک دو افسانوں کے مجموعے منظر عام پر آ چکے ہیں ۔ پہلا افسانوی مجموعہ ”ردائے محبت“سیوا پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے2011ء میں شائع ہوا ہے۔دوسرا افسانوی مجموعہ ”کہانی سفر میں ہے“ بھی سیوا پبلی کیشنز لاہور سے2016ء میں منظر عام پر آیا ۔ان کا ایک شعری مجموعہ بھی چھپ چکاہے اور تیسرا افسانوی مجموعہ زیر طبع ہے۔

ان کا ہر افسانہ موضوع کے لحاظ سے مختلف اوربوقلمونی صلاحیت سے بھرپور ہوتا ہے۔ان کی کہانیاں معاشرے میں پھیلے ناسوروں کی نشاندہی بھی کرتی ہیں اور کبھی کبھی ان پر مرہم بھی لگاتی ہیں۔ان کی کہانی کے آغاز کی بنت اختتام سے جدا ہوتی ہے لیکن پڑھتے ہوئے احساس نہیں ہوتا کہ کہاں حقیقت کے رنگ افسانے میں آمیخت ہو گئے ہیں۔ ان کے افسانوں کے موضوعات میں سماجی مسائل ،طبقاتی تقسیم ، جنسی و نفسیاتی پہلو، اور روزمرہ زندگی میں درپیش آنے والے ہر پہلو کو موضوع بنایا ہے۔ان کے افسانوں میں انسانی اعمال اور معاشرتی و سماجی احوال کو خو رد بینی نظر سے دیکھایا گیا ہے۔ افسانہ نگار نے جدید دور کے انسان کے ذہنی رویوں اور نفسیاتی مسائل کو سادہ اور رواں اسلوب میں قاری کے سامنے پیش کیا ہے۔ یہ بھی ان کاکمال فن ہے کہ وہ افسانے کو بے جا طوالت سے بچاتے ہوئے محدود اور منتخب لفظوں میں کامیابی  سے قاری تک وہ پیغام پہنچا دیتی ہیں جس نے انہیں قلم اٹھانے پر اکسایا ہوتا ہے۔ثمینہ سید کی فن کاری یہ ہے کہ انہوں نے کہانی کے بنیادی عناصر کو جدید طرز اظہار پر قربان نہیں...

Buddhism In Gandhara

The present study entitled “Buddhism in Gandhara” focuses on the religious faith of Gandharans during the Kushan Empire, especially during Kanishka Reign when Buddhism became popular. This research focuses on the religious art works flourished during the regime, including stone sculpture of Gandhara and Mathura reflect the Hellenistic style of Gandharan Buddhist art. It also deals with the artifacts, coins, inscriptions, narrative sculptures from Kushan to ascertain Gandharan Buddhist tradition as documented in art, archaeology, and epigraphy, which comes mainly from the region. The Study can be distinguished as a special case study of its own nature for being conducted in the geographical boundaries, where Kushan and Gandhara art was experimented and practiced which afterwards achieved a status of the full-scale culture of the area. The main aim of the research was to study the religious aspects of the inhabitants of the Kushan period, which was prominent in the living patterns of different social classes, structural design of the buildings, attires and cultural outfits of various segments of the society as well as personal features like ornaments, headdresses, and social rituals in shaping the cultural contours of Gandhara art. The study, based on empirical data collected from various museums and archaeological sites, particularly from excavated areas around Taxila valley, which reflect a special understanding of religious artwork during the regime of Kushans supporting a close link with the Kings and Princess during their control of South Asian region. This paper concludes that Buddhism was a thriving religion during the Greek regime and was supported by the state.

Role of Ngos in the Promotion of Elementary Education in Kp.

The elementary education in Pakistan was focused even from the creation of Pakistan but the previous successive Govt: could not give appropriate value to elementary education practically. The size of the problem has become now so huge that it cannot be solved merely through Govt. efforts until and unless the participation of every individual is ensured in these efforts against illiteracy. The NGOs started efforts to fight along the govt: and extended helping hand in the matter to support the elementary education. The research study is carried out to see the contribution of NGOs in promoting the elementary education in the southern districts of khyber pakhtunkhwa. The study is descriptive in nature & researcher self-developed questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. The population of the study consisted of all the elementary schools teachers and educational administrative heads in public sector schools of the six districts. For this purpose, 573 samples (370 teachers and 203 heads) were randomly selected as respondents. For statistical treatment, computer based software known as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (S.P.S.S) version 20 was applied. Mean, t-test, standard deviation, one-way ANNOVA and tukey test were used for analysis of data. The responses of teachers and administrative heads of formal as well as non-formal sector showed significant positive views about the role of NGOs in the promotion of elementary education in regard to all five variables “support to school”, “support to parents”, “support to students” and “support to co-curricular activities”. Significance difference was found between the views of male and female teachers regarding the efficiency of NGOs in supporting teachers at elementary level. Gender did not differentiate the NGOs efficiency in “support to school”, “support to parents”, “support to students” and “support to co-curricular activities”. Significance difference was found between the views of rural and urban teachers regarding the efficiency of NGOs. On the whole it is concluded that despite few reservations made by the respondents about some initiatives of NGOs, over all NGOs are performing a valuable role in promoting elementary education and producing conducive environment in public sector schools of KP. The staff of NGOs may be properly trained in streamlining the matters of schools of formal as well as non-formal in a more efficient way.
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