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جدید انسان کی سرمایہ دارانہ اور مادیت پسند فکر نے قدرتی ماحول اور قدرتی وسائل کا بری طرح استحصال کیا ہے اور حیاتِ انسانی وحیوانی کی بقا کو تباہی کے دہانے پر پہنچا دیا ہے۔ حضرت انسان کی غفلت اور لا پرواہی سے قدرتی وسائل و ذرائع کی بقا کا مسئلہ اس وقت پوری دنیا کے لئے سنگین شکل اختیار کرگیا ہے۔یہ بات روز ِروشن کی طرح عیاں ہے کہ جدید انسان نے ماحول اور اس میں پائے جانے والے قدرتی وسائل کے تحفظ کو یکسر نظرانداز کردیا ہے ۔ جس کی بنا پر قدرتی وسائل ہوا، پانی ،معدنیات، حیوانات ،نباتات اور زمین کی طبعی ، کیمیائی اور حیاتیاتی خصوصیات میں ناپسندیدہ اور نامناسب تبدیلیاں پیدا ہو تی جار ہی ہیں، اس طرح ماحولیاتی تبدیلی( Climate Change ( ، گلوبل وارمنگ (Global Warming) اور ماحولیاتی آلودگی (Environmental Pollution ) کا مسئلہ پیداہوگیا ہے۔ ٹریٹمنٹ پلانٹس کی تنصیب کے بغیر نئے نئے کارخانےقائم ہورہے ہیں۔ ان صنعتی اداروں میں ماحولیاتی سہولیات کی عدم موجودگی کی وجہ سے ماحول میں گرین ہاؤسز گیسزکی مقدار بڑھتی جارہی ہے اور یوں قدرتی ماحول بری طرح متاثر ہورہاہے۔

 یہ بات طے شدہ ہے کہ اللہ تعالیٰ کی تخلیق کردہ ضروریات حیات یعنی قدرتی وسائل میں سے ہوا،پانی ،نباتات ،حیوانات، صاف ماحول پر انسانی زندگی کا انحصار اتنا زیادہ ہے کہ ان کے بغیر کوئی انسان زندگی گزارنے کا تصور بھی نہیں کر سکتا ۔ جبکہ عالمی سطح پر موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں کے اثرات ہر گزرتے دن کے ساتھ ساتھ شدید سے شدید تر ہوتے جارہے ہیں ۔ ایک تازہ ترین عالمی تحقیقی رپورٹ بتاتی ہےکہ عالمی موسمیاتی تبدیلی سے 2 دہائیوں میں عالمی معیشت کو 16 ہزار ارب ڈالر کا نقصان پہنچ چکا ہے۔ستم ظریفی کی بات یہ ہے سب سے زیادہ جانی و معاشی نقصان ترقی...

Completeness Analysis of Completeness Filling and Time of Returning The Medical Record for Inpatient Patients at Regional General Hospital of Makassar City

At Makassar City Hospital, one of the service indicators that has not been achieved is in incomplete medical record files and medical record files that are returned more than 2x24 hours after service. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the completeness of filling in and the timeliness of returning inpatient medical record files at the Makassar City Hospital. This type of research is mixed methods research. The study design used a cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted in September - October 2020. The results showed that the implementation of completeness of filling in and the timeliness of returning medical record files was still low, this has led to the accumulation of medical record files in the treatment room and delays in returning the files of inpatients to the medical record installation of the City Hospital Makassar. Training on the implementation of medical records has not been comprehensive for all officers at the Makassar City Hospital. The result of the delay in returning the documents is the delay in payment of insurance claims to the hospital. Accumulation of medical records in the treatment room from incomplete medical records and returned to the treatment room. Health workers who forget to fill in complete medical records are only given a sanction in the form of a warning during a meeting with the medical committee. Availability of SOP on filling and returning medical record files at the hospital. The facilities and infrastructure in the implementation of medical records are still insufficient for medical record employees at Makassar City Hospital. It is recommended that the hospital improve the implementation of the completeness and timeliness of returning medical record files, provide incentives or rewards for completing filling in, increase the number of computers and expand the room in the medical record installation, and review the medical record format at Makassar City Hospital

Heavy Metals and Pathogens Pollution of Soils and Crops Irrigated With Domestic Waste Water

Heavy metals in terrestrial ecosystems are associated with adverse environmental impacts. The extent of heavy metals in domestic waste waters, their effects on soil, crops, and soil biology were investigated. Waste water analysis revealed pH (10.3), electrical conductivity (ECe; 3.87 dSm-1), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR; 36.2), biological oxygen demand (BOD; 850 mg L-1), and chemical oxygen demand (COD; 1590 mg L-1) were well above the standard limits of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). In contained, iron (Fe; 15.4 mg L-1), zinc (Zn; 5.83 mg L-1), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) exceeded standard limits. In tube-well water, concentrations of Fe, Zn and Mn were below the standard limits, while Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were undetectable. Waste water from irrigated soil showed greater concentrations of Zn (59.8 mg kg-1) and Cd (7.11 mg kg-1), while tube-well irrigated soil lacked Zn contents and had Cd below standards. With the exception of Zn and Cd, all of them were within the limits. The bacterial counts of Escherichia coli (590) and Salmonella species (630) were higher than the allowed limit. Plant analysis data showed the highest (395 mg kg-1) and the lowest (21.1 mg kg-1) Fe content in the shoots of eggplant and lettuce, respectively. Maximum Cu (254 mg kg-1), Pb (184 mg kg-1) and Zn (207 mg kg-1) were noted in the shoot of maize (Zea mays) and the minimum in the shoot of lettuce. Likewise, 13.4 mg kg-1 Cd and 2.48 mg kg-1 Cr were noted in berseem shoot and the lowest Cd and Cr, in the shoot of spinach and wild oat, respectively. But these were slightly above the limits in spinach and wild oat. The highest Mn (12.1 mg kg-1) and Ni (9.12 mg kg-1) were noted in the shoot of maize, while the lowest and within the limits were values noted in the shoot of lettuce and ladyfinger respectively. Moreover, the maximum (171 mg kg 1) and the minimum (21.1 mg kg 1) values of Fe were recorded in the root of maize and lettuce roots, respectively. These values were much lower than the standards. Highest concentrations of Cu (209 mg kg-1), Pb (157 mg kg-1) and Zn (179 mg kg-1) were noted in the root of maize while lowest values of Cu and Pb were found in the root of lettuce, and Zn in the root of berseem. Pb contents of 23.3 mg kg 1 were noted to be higher whereas, Cu (19.1 mg kg 1) and Zn (21.9 mg kg 1) were found within the limits. Highest Cd (13.0 mg kg 1) in ridged gourd root and lowest Cd (0.03 mg kg 1) in spinach root was observed. Similarly highest (Cr 1.97 mg kg-1) in the root of ridged gourd and lowest and within the limits was Cr (0.09 mg kg-1) in the wild oat root. Highest Mn contents (i.e. 3.67 mg kg 1 and 13.1 mg kg 1) and lowest (i.e. 0.51 mg kg-1 and 13.0 mg kg 1) were noted in cauliflower and spinach root, respectively. Similarly highest (3.85 mg kg 1) and lowest (0.87 mg kg 1) Ni concentrations were noted in the root of maize and spinach, respectively. In the second phase, a two-year pot experiment was conducted to observe the effects of tube-well water and different concentrations of waste water viz., 20%, 40%, 80% and 100% on Brassica napus. A decline of 61.5% occurred in the number of pods per plant when 100% waste water was used (T4). Similarly, pod length (59.7%); number of seeds per pod (42.5%); number of seeds per plant (82%); seed weight per plant (88%); 1000 seed weight (19.5) and straw yield (54.2%) were decreased in T4. There was 82% and 88% decrease in the number of seeds and seed weight per plant, respectively compared to control. Over all, a 60% decrease in dry matter in the first year and 4.83% decrease in the second year occurred. In third phase, Zea mays and Brassica napus were used for phyto-extraction of Cu, Pb and Zn from soil.A pot experiment was conducted in which treatments included tube-well water (T1), waste water (T2), and 300 mg kg-1 and 600 mg kg-1 soil each of Cu, Pb and Zn (T3), and T4 respectively. Compared to Brassica napus, maize (T2) retained maximum Cu (164 mg kg-1), Pb (259 mg kg-1) and Zn (271 mg kg-1) in shoot and 26.8 mg kg-1, 130.5 mg kg-1 and 61.1 mg kg-1 in root, respectively. Brassica napus absorbed Cu (117 mg kg-1), Pb (187 mg kg-1) and Zn (180 mg kg-1) in shoot and 40.0 mg kg-1, 81.7 mg kg-1 and 45.4 mg kg-1 in root respectively for treatment T2. Maize and Brassica napus had lowest dry matter yield of 66.3 and 31.6 g, respectively, for treatment T4. Finally, waste water was filtered through sorption media, viz., sawdust (T1), lime powder (T2), wood charcoal (T3) and sand (T4) placed within PVC pipe. Highly significant differences with respect to sorption of heavy metals Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn were noted. Also non-significant differences were observed for Cu and Mn when filtered through sawdust, lime powder, wood charcoal and sand. Sawdust retained maximum Cd (0.27 mg L-1), Cr (0.807 mg L-1), Fe (6.47 mg L-1), Ni (1.753 mg L-1), Pb (1.65 mg L-1) and Zn (2.680 mg L-1), respectively. Lime gave similar results as with sawdust and retained Cd, (0.237 mg L-1), Cr, (0.66 mg L-1), Fe, (5.75 mg L-1), Ni (1.70 mg L-1) and Pb (1.72 mg L-1), respectively. Wood charcoal, with minimum sorption efficiency, retained lesser quantity of almost all the heavy metals. It can be concluded that waste water could be used as a second option for irrigation where no canal water or Tube-Well water is available. Prolonged waste water irrigation can raise the magnitude of heavy metal pollutants in soil and crops. For the purpose of remediation, although bioremediation is a time consuming but is the cheapest method compared to physical removal of the pollutants from soil and it can be suggested that other crops which are grown for commercial purposes and neither used food nor feed can best be trialed. In the last various media used for the treatment of waste water though on small scale, proved effectiveness and the results were encouraging but it can be suggested that other locally available organic materials should be tested.
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