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ایاز اصغر شاہینؔ

ایاز اصغر شاہینؔ(۱۹۴۳۰ء) ڈسکہ میں پیدا ہوئے ۔۱۹۶۶ء میں ایم۔ا ے اردو کیا اور ۱۹۸۳ء میں گورنمنٹ کالج شکر گڑھ میں اردو لیکچرا ر تعینات ہوئے۔ ادبی زندگی کا آغاز نویں جماعت سے ہوا۔ اصغر شاہین نے سیالکوٹ میں کئی طرحی اور غیر طرحی مشاعروں میں حصہ لیا۔ (۹۹۸) اور اپنے فن کے جوہر دکھائے۔

ان کا شعری کلام مختلف ادبی رسائل وجرائد میں شائع ہوتا رہا۔ اب تک ان کا کوئی شعری مجموعہ طبع نہیں ہوا۔ شاہینؔ غزل اور نظم کے شاعر ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری میں تغزل کا عنصر نمایاں ہے۔ غزل ہو یا نظم، حمد ہو یا نعت، قطعہ ہو یار باعی ،قصیدہ ہو مرثیہ ہر صنف سخن میں وہ سوزِ دروں کو شامل کر کے اس فن پارے کو امر کر دیتے ہیں۔ ان کا ایک ادبی کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے قرآن مجید کے مختلف پاروں کا منظوم اردو ترجمہ کیا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ بیـشتر احادیث اور متفرق آیات کا بھی منظوم ترجمہ کر کے اپنی قادر الکلامی کا ثبوت دیا ہے۔ ان کی شاعری کا اہم موضوع عشق حقیقی ہے۔ شاہین ؔکا نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:

نام سے ہے اس خدا کی ابتدا

 

7مہرباں بے حد رحیم اس کی ثنا

 

5بس خدا کی ذات ہے اس کے سوا

 

9کوئی ہو سکتا نہیں ہرگز اِلہٰ

 

1ہے میسر اس کو دائم زندگی

 

اونگھ نیند آتی نہیں اس کو کبھی

 

آسمانوں میں زمیں میں جو بھی ہے

 

;اس کی ملکیت میں ہے ہر ایک شے

Scientific Study of Balance (Al-Mīzān) in the Light of Sūrah Al-Rahmān

This article is an attempt to elaborate the phenomenon of equilibrium prevailing everywhere in the microcosmic and macrocosmic systems associated with universal stability and rhythm. It has been accentuated what is beautifully illuminated in the beginning verses of Sūrah Al-Rahmān successively regarding balance that invites one’s thought towards the well controlled cosmic system as well as with the concept of balance by means of different manners as identified by exegetes and scholars concerning daily life i.e. From simple and common to that of complex issues and intricacies. Qualitative method has been employed for this research while some aspects have also been handled in accordance with quantitative approach. Article also emphasized the series of cause and effect nexus may be declared as self explanatory episode an indication towards a Supreme Force whose widespread control and interference can’t be denied rationally. Sūrah beautifully pictured the physical and metaphysical sketch of balance having many dimensions from man to universe and vice versa as well as from both towards Ultimate Reality whose dominion is limitless where one has to follow peaceful living and to put oneself aside indulging any disruption from ordinary clash to that of nuclear war to be waged.

An Economic Analysis of Institutional Reforms in Irrigation Sector in Punjab Pakistan

Agriculture is crucial to Pakistan‘s economy and irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture. The irrigation system of Pakistan is the largest integrated irrigation network in the world. The state managed surface irrigation in Punjab had not been performing well and was deteriorating day by day due to financial, managerial and socio-political factors. Keeping in view the above discussed problems, the World Bank proposed commercialization and privatizations of the irrigation system as the only choice for rehabilitation. However after a series of negotiations, the government of Pakistan agreed upon institutional reforms in water sector of the Punjab. Consequently, in 1997, Pakistan‘s provincial assemblies passed bills to implement institutional reforms in the country‘s irrigation sector. In the province of Punjab, institutional reforms have been introduced in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) East irrigation system of the Punjab as a pilot project through PIDA Act of 1997. Under these reforms, management at secondary canal level (distributaries) has been handed over to the Farmers Organizations FOs). The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of ongoing irrigation reforms in terms of improving water delivery, operation and maintenance (O&M) of irrigation system, equity in water distribution and overall management of irrigation system. It also envisaged the early effects/ impacts of irrigation reforms on overall agricultural productivity and farm income. A well represented sample size of 30 distributaries and 360 farm households was selected for data collection. A multistage sampling technique was used for sample selection. The study employed two level analysis. At first level, assessment of reforms in LCC East (Reform Area) was made on the basis of information from the secondary sources taking into account ―Before and After‖ reform scenario. At second level, assessment of reforms was carried out on the basis of primary data collected at farm household level. Quantitative analysis was conducted by making comparison of set of well established indicators developed by secondary information at distributary level to determine the impact of irrigation reforms on water charges (Aabiana) collection, operation and maintenance of the system, delivery performance ratio (DPR) at head and tail of the distributaries etc. A single equation model was used to capture the impact of irrigation reforms on farm income and productivity. Economic xiv Inefficiency model was also estimated to determine the negative impact of irrigation reforms on inefficiency of the respondents. The results of the study based on comparison of indicators from primary data showed that there was an increase in the crop yields. On an overall basis, all the major crops (wheat, sugarcane and rice) showed an increasing trend in yields. Wheat yield increased by 10 percent, sugarcane by 5 percent and rice by 13 percent respectively. Average gross margin of wheat, sugarcane and rice increased by 6 percent, 38 percent and 43 percent respectively in post reform period. The results of the study showed that cost of production of major crops reduced after reform process. While estimating regression model, Average gross value Product (GVP/acre) of crops (in real prices) was taken as dependent variable to capture the effect of reform process, location of the farm along the distributary and important components of variable cost of production. Similarly, average yield per acre of crops was taken as dependent variable to determine the impact of reform process. The results of the regression model for wheat, sugarcane and rice yield showed that F-Value was 7.08, 6.6 and 5.5 respectively, showing that over models were significant at less than 5 percent significance level. For the estimation of stochastic frontier production function and inefficiency effect model Cobb-Douglas form of production function and translog were used. The key finding of the Inefficiency Effects Model was that the dummy for reforms had negative impact on inefficiency effect for all the crops. The results of the study showed that Aabiana collection increased from 42 percent to 62 percent in post reform period. The study also showed that delivery performance ratio at the tail of the distributary increased after introduction of reform process in the province of Punjab. It was concluded that that the institutional reforms in the irrigation sector have positive impacts on the yield and productivity of the farmers for all the major crops. It was also evident that the reforms also have significant impact on the farms located at the tail clusters of the distributaries.
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