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سیالکوٹ میں اردو غزل اقبال سے صابر ظفر تک

سیالکوٹ میں اردوغزل (اقبال سے صابر ظفر تک)

علامہ اقبالؒ کی شاعری کا ایک بڑا حصہ غزلیہ اشعار پر مشتمل ہے۔بانگِ درا،بالِ جبریل  اور ضربِ کلیم شعری مجموعوں میں اقبالؒ کی کثیر تعداد میں غزلیں ملاحظہ کی جا سکتی ہیں۔ان میں کچھ مسلسل غزلیں بھی  ہیں جن میں ایک ہی طرح کے مضامین ملتے ہیں۔اقبالؒ داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد تھے ان کی ابتدائی شاعری پر داغ کے اثرات دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔"باقیاتِ اقبال "کے نام سے مختلف محققین نے اقبالؒ کا جو منسوخ کلام  مرتب  کیا ہے ان پر بھی داغ کا رنگ واضح نظر آتا ہے۔بانگ ِ درا کی کچھ غزلوں میں بھی داغ کا اندازِ بیان دیکھا جا سکتا ہے۔اگرچہ اقبالؒ کی غزل کے مضامین کلاسیکل اور روایتی شاعری سے منفرد ہیں لیکن کہیں کہیں کلاسیکل اور روایتی رنگ دیکھا جا سکتا ہے۔اس حوالے سے کلام ِ اقبال ملاحظہ ہو:
مانا کہ تیری دید کے قابل  نہیں ہوں میں
تو میرا شوق دیکھ میرا انتظار دیکھ
کھولی ہیں ذوقِ دید نے آنکھیں تری اگر
ہر رہگزر میں نقش کف پائے یار دیکھ1
نہ آتے ہمیں اس میں تکرار کیا تھی
مگر وعدہ کرتے ہوئے عار کیا تھی
تمہارے پیامی نے سب راز کھولا
خطا اس میں بندے کی سرکار کیا تھی
بھری بزم میں اپنے عاشق کو تاڑا
تری آنکھ مستی میں ہشیار کیا تھی
تامل تو تھا ان کو آنے میں قاصد
مگر یہ بتا طرزِ انکار کیا تھی2
موت کا نسخہ ابھی باقی ہے اے درد فراق
چارہ گر دیوانہ ہے ،میں لادوا کیونکر ہوا
میرے مٹنے کا تماشا دیکھنے کی چیز تھی
کیا بتاؤں ان کا میرا سامنا کیونکر ہوا3
انوکھی وضع ہے سارے زمانے سے نرالے ہیں
یہ عاشق کو ن سی بستی کے یا رب !رہنے والے ہیں
رلاتی ہے مجھے راتوں کو خاموشی ستاروں کی
نرالا عشق ہے میرا...

Revival of Complementary and Alternative Herbal Medicines

Herbal medicines, complementary or alternative medicines is a wide term for the therapies that are not part of standard care but it has many theories regarding efficacy based on personal experiences, history and common knowledge. It has long been used since ancient times since the beginning of human civilization. Its use had caught much attention in the early 1800s, with the development in the science of chemistry, a new era in pharmacotherapeutics and the use of active chemical ingredients in plants which were known to produce favorable therapeutic effects, were explored, active compounds were extracted, purified and their structure was revealed. This advancement paved the way towards modern pharmaceutical therapy. The modern drugs are based on these herbal medicines, after extracting the active and pure chemical compounds. Pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of the active ingredients was explored. It lead to the better understanding of efficacy and safety profile of these drugs and first choice for treatment of various diseases. At the same time, the herbal medicines were considered as secondarily important. After approximately two centuries, the use of herbal medicines have seen a revival globally both in developing as well as developed countries. In the past few years, the practice of using herbal medicines as an alternative and complementary health medicine has gained more importance. Herbal medicines are common for treatment of various ailments including cancer, digestive disorders, pain related disorders, neuropathic ailments and cardiac arrhythmias etc. Even it has been used by pregnant females and mostly perceived as safe. Its use has gained more attraction due to its ‘natural’ approach and lesser side effects. Their use if often overlooked but physicians should pay attention to these medicines. There is lack of familiarity, standardization of the drug components, unproven therapeutic effects in various diseases, unexplored toxicology, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and compatibility in patients with varying medical, genetic and demographic history. There are serious concerns regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Accidental contamination and deliberate adulteration are assumed to be the main cause of the side effects. Much of the herbal medical knowledge is scattered in different regions of the world and mostly available at family, community and local level and mostly in any native languages. There is need of coherent sources, knowledge, and exploration of these medicines across the world. The herbal medicine has varying diversity in different geological regions and they should be investigated. There should be a regional or national body to control and approve the herbal medicines. Proper documentations on these medicines and food supplements should also be done.

Structural and Optical Modulations of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Titanium Dioxide Tio 2

Structural and Optical Modulations of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor: Titanium Dioxide (TiO 2 ) Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is a very interesting material due to its number of applications, e.g., high dielectric constant, photocatalytic application. The photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 was first demonstrated in 1972. TiO 2 has a wide band gap (3.0 - 3.2 eV), thus most of the absorption occurs in the UV range, where solar spectrum consists of only 5 - 8%. It is of immense importance to enhance its photocatalytic activity in the visible part of the solar spectrum. This requires band gap tailoring, which can be achieved by doping. However, finding a suitable dopant for TiO 2 is quite critical. In the present work, structural properties and chemical composition of the Nd doped sputter deposited TiO 2 thin films were studied by varying the Nd concentrations from 0 to 2 at. % using RF sputtering. The results suggested that the incorporation of Nd produced stresses in lattice, which shifted diffraction peaks to a lower 2θ values, reduction in crystallite size, elongation of lattice along c-axis and specific texturing along (004) plane. Raman spectroscopy also confirmed asymmetry of bonds. Theoretical modeling of structure was also performed using VESTA code. SEM images confirmed the transformation of faceted to planar surface. XPS showed the presence of O vacancies and non-stoichiometry in films with increased dopant concentration. V doping in the TiO 2 films also displayed interesting results as V existed in many oxidation states with different ionic radii. With the addition of V, preferential growth along (211) plane occurred. The morphology was transformed from faceted to small elongated grains as the concentration of V increased. The substitution of V in place of Ti made the V−O bonds asymmetrical, which created stress to modify the crystallite and grain sizes. XPS showed low binding energy (L.B.E.) shift and an increase in the (D) B.E. difference of Ti-2p doublet peaks, which was due to increased nonstoichiometry in the films. This was also attributed to the substitution of V in the V 3+ and V 5+ states. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the increase in nonstoichiometry, phonon confinement, and asymmetry in the bonding with the increase in V concentration. This was also evident in the PL spectra, where strong xicontributions came from the states associated with V 5+ and V 3+ and dominated the spectra on oxygen vacancies (OV) and defect associated PL. Finally, the role of oxygen concentration and doping concentration in affecting the structural, phase transformation and chemical composition was studied using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Oxygen partial pressure was varied from 100 mtorr (O 2 rich) to 0 mtorr (O 2 absent) and three concentrations of Nd were used as 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 at.%. With the variation of oxygen and dopant concentrations, a sequence of phase transformations was observed. This also reduced the crystallite size and caused the film thickness to reduce. A reduction of Ti (Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ ) was observed and emergence of the O vacancies and consequently generation of nonstoichiometry in TiO 2 lattice, which resulted in the short range ordering of the TiO 2 structure. The present work suggested that the incorporation of Nd inhibits the phase transformation, which can be allowed by increasing the oxygen partial pressures.
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