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پروفیسر سید مسعود حسن

پروفیسر سید مسعود حسن
ابھی یہ سطور تمام نہیں ہوئی تھیں کہ پروفیسر سید مسعود حسن کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی، افسوس ہے کہ اردو کے پرانے خدمت گزار اٹھتے جارہے ہیں اور کوئی ان کی جگہ لینے والا نظر نہیں آتا ہے، مسعود صاحب نے درس و تدریس اور تصنیف و تالیف دونوں میدانوں میں بڑا قابل قدر کام کیا ہے، وہ صاحب زبان تھے اور صاحب قلم بھی، وہ بات کرتے تو ادب کے پھول جھڑتے، درس دیتے تو طلبہ ان کے علم سے مرعوب اور حسن بیان سے مسحور ہوجاتے اور قلم ہاتھ میں لیتے، تو تحقیق کے موتیوں سے کاغذ کا دامن بھردیتے وہ سرسری مضمون نویسی کے عادی نہ تھے، لکھنے سے پہلے موضوع کے تمام پہلوؤں پر غور کرتے، سارا مواد جمع کرتے اور پوری چھان بین کے بعد قلم ہاتھ میں لیتے اور پھر تحقیق کا شاہکار پیش کرتے، ممکن ہے ان کے نتائج تحقیق سے کسی کو اختلاف ہو مگر ان کی وسعتِ علم دقتِ نظر اور تلاش و تفکر سے کسی کو انکار نہیں ہوسکتا، وفور علم کے ساتھ وہ بڑے خلیق، وضع دار اور بامروت تھے، ہر مذہب و ملت کے لوگوں سے ان کے تعلقات تھے، یہی وجہ تھی کہ سب ان کے غم میں اشکبار تھے، وہ شیعہ تھے، مگر سنیوں میں بھی اتنے مقبول تھے کہ فرنگی محل کے نامور عالم مولانا ہاشم کی امامت میں سنیوں نے بھی جنازہ کی نماز پڑھی، اﷲ ان کی نیکیوں کو قبول فرمائے اور ان کے عزیزوں اور شاگردوں کو ان کے نقش قدم پر چلنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔ (عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۷۵ء)

Determinants of Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172(63.47%) and areMuslims 259(95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71(26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66(24.4%), then husband’s wish 45(16.6%)and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0.000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0.001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grandermultiparty.

Evaluation of Online Machine Translating Engines: A Comparative Study of English into Urdu Machine Translation

Evaluation of Online Machine Translating Engines: A Comparative Study of English into Urdu Machine Translation The study is about online machine translation systems and their comparative performance for English to Urdu language translation. Machine translation is an emerging field and is important to facilitate multilingual communication. In multilingual societies like Pakistan the demand for machine translation has increased sharply. Currently a number of online translators are providing automated translation services but do these tools provide accurate results and useful service is the subject that is under investigation. The current work is focused on evaluating the quality of four OMT systems, Google, Bing, Babylon and Worldlingo for English to Urdu translation through comparative analysis. Three types of source texts informative, expressive and operative written in English are selected by using Reiss’s (1997) text type classification (explained by Munday, 2001) for machine translation experimentation. The selected texts are experimented through each sample OMT engine and the obtained data is evaluated using the parameters and evaluation performa designed for the study. Help is taken from works of Hutchins and Somers (1992), Gaule and Josan (2012) and Halliday’s scale for accuracy and intelligibility used by Ellinder (2012) to design the theoretical framework and evaluation scale for the study. The study investigates the quality of sample machine translations through linguistic investigation, clarity evaluation, error analysis and comparative assessments. Evaluation process of the study is based on self perceived examination and 3rd person human evaluators’ observations. Using this collaborative evaluation technique quality of sample OMT engines is explored quantitatively through linguistic assessment at lexical and syntactic levels and through clarity assessment at semantic level. The strength and weaknesses of translation performance of sample OMT systems are also analyzed and discussed through error analysis of the experimented data. The obtained results from these three types of assessments are finally compared to develop arguments about performance of sample OMT engines. The results indicated marked differences in competency of sample OMT systems for English to Urdu translation.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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