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بڈھا مالی

بڈھا مالی

اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ کسے پنڈ وچ بہت وڈا امباں دا باغ سی۔ ایہہ باغ اک خدا ترس بندے دی ملکیت سی۔ ایہہ بندہ بہت زیادہ سخی سی۔ اوہ باغ توں ہوون والی آمدنی دا اک وڈا حصہ غریب لوکاں اتے خرچ کردا سی۔ اوس باغ دی راکھی لئی اک بڈھا بابا رکھیا ہویا سی۔ بابا بہت محنتی تے ایماندار سی۔ اوس دی محنت پاروں ہر سال بہت زیادہ فصل ہوندی۔ جس پاروں باغ دا مالک بہت خوش ہوندا تے اپنی آمدن وچوں بہت سارے پیسے بابے نوں وی دے دیندا۔ مالک ایس بابے اتے بہت اعتبار کردا سی۔ بابے دے ہتھ وچ بہت برکت تے مٹھاس سی۔ بابے دے ہتھاں دے لگے بوٹے کدے سکدے نئیں سن۔ ایس لئی کہ بابا اوہناں نوں اپنے بالاں طرح پالدا سی۔ لوک ایس باغ دی فصل دا بے چینی نال انتظار کردے تے جدوں امب پک کے بازار وچ جاندے تاں ہتھو ہتھ وِک جاندے ایہہ ویکھ کے بابا تے مالک بہت خوش ہوندے۔

ایس باغ وچ اک نم دے درخت اتے وڈی مکھی دا چھتہ لگیا ہویا سی۔ شہد دا ایہہ چھتہ لگ بھگ 4 فٹ تائیں پھیلیاں ہویا سی۔ بابا ایس چھتے کولوں بہت دور سی۔ اوس کدے ایس ول دھیان نہ دتا۔ صرف اپنے کم نال کم رکھیا۔

ایس باغ دے نال ای امباں دا دوجا باغ وی سی۔ اوس دا مالک اکھڑ مزاج، کنجوس تے لڑاکا سی۔ اوس دا مالک نوکراں نال اکثر لڑدا رہندا، اوہناں دی بے عزتی کردا جس پاروں نوکر دل لاہ کے کم نہ کردے۔ نتیجہ ایہہ نکلدا کہ امباں دی فصل بہتی نہ ہوندی تے نہ ای ایس باغ دے امب مٹھے ہوندے۔ مالک نوں ایس گل دا بہت ساڑا سی۔ اوہ چاہندا سی کہ کسے طریقے...

Principles and Rules of Jihad: A Juristic Approach

Jihad is a sacred term and a sacred endeavor as well, but unfortunately it has been misunderstood and misused in many cases, therefore its elaboration and explanation is needed from various aspects. This article deals with the principles and rules of Jihad. At the beginning, the concept of jihad has been expounded, then motivations of war of the period of ignorance have been discussed. Those  motivations have been brought in to focus which Islam has recognized. For instance defending of religion and faith, safeguarding the territory of Muslims, eradication of persecution, eradication of Internal enemies, support for the oppressed Muslims etc. The purpose of jihad has also been discussed, while principles and rules of jihad make the next part of the article. In this regard views of a well-known medieval Hanafi jurist Imam Hasan al- Shaybani   with  the commentary of contemporary  scholars have been produced.

Punjabi Language: A Study of Language Desertion

Punjabi Language: A Study of Language Desertion Pakistan is a land of linguistic diversity having more than sixty languages. Punjabi, along with its numerous mutually intelligible dialects, is an ancient language. It is mainly spoken in the Pakistani province of Punjab and Indian Punjab in the subcontinent. It is a member of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family. The aim of this ethnographic study is to explore the status of Punjabi language in our society by looking at the language usage and linguistic practices of Punjabi native speakers residing in selected urban and rural areas. Ten families, five from urban area and five from rural area, participated in the study. The participants were selected on the basis of their educational level, marital status, monthly income, occupation, family background and the size of land owned by them. The theoretical framework which informs this research is the constructivist qualitative paradigm. The tools of data collection include semi structured interviews and recordings of informal conversation of the research participants. The analysis of the collected data reveals that in the urban areas, Punjabi language is not the dominant medium of communication among the research participants. The participants do not consider it important and worthwhile to maintain Punjabi language, as they do not see it as economically advantageous and profitable to them. It is just a part of their cultural heritage, but they do not use it for communicative purposes. In the rural areas, however, the research participants expressed a strong sense of association and affiliation with Punjabi language; Punjabi language is their dominant medium of communication with others; they consider Punjabi an inevitable part of their cultural heritage and identity; they support the idea of learning English and Urdu languages but not at the cost of Punjabi language. These findings suggest that language desertion is an urban phenomenon, as Punjabi language is not maintained by the urban research participants due to certain wider socio-political factors which have disrupted and distorted the status of Punjabi language while consolidating the role of English and Urdu in the society.
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