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المبحث الرابع: بعض شعراء العصر الجديد

المبحث الرابع:بعض شعراء العصر الجديد
وخلاصۃ القول أن شعراء عصر النھضۃ في الدول العربیۃ قد حرصوا عل أن یقدموا الجدید في النثر والشعر، فجددوا في الفکرۃ والأسلوب والموضوع والتصویر الأدبي ومع ھذا ظلت الأصالۃ والجودۃ الصفۃ الممیزۃ في إنتاجھم، فھناك الکثیر ممن استجابوا للدعوة إلی الشعر الحر وأقدامھم کانت ثابتة في الشعر العمودي. ومن ھؤلاء الشعراء فدوی طوقان ، نزار قباني وأدونیس وغیرھم، فقد کانوا من شعراء الشعر العمودي ولکن توجھوا إلی الشعر الحر بعد اشتھارہ وانصرفوا عن الشعر العمودي، فالجدید جذب أنظارھم وأصبحوا من أشھر شعراء الحرکۃ الجدیدۃ .
ومن أوائل الشعراء الذین تقدموا في ھذہ الساحۃ الفنیۃ نازک الملائکۃ وھي الرائدۃ، وبدر شاکر السیاب وعبدالوھاب البیاتي وبلند الحیدري من العراق، وصلاح عبدالصبور وأحمد عبدالمعطي حجازي من مصر ومحمد مصباح الفیتوري من السودان۔ وفدویٰ طوقان من فلسطین، ومحمد حسین عواد وناصر أبو حمید من المملکۃ العربیۃ السعودیۃ والکثیر من الشعراء الشباب ، ونالت حرکۃ الشعر الحر إعجاب القراء والسامعین والنقاد والأدباء. وھذہ بعض أبیات من قصیدۃ ’’ثورۃ علی الشمس‘‘ للشاعرۃ العراقیۃ (نازك الملائکۃ) یتجلی فیہ أثر انفعال الشاعرۃ في جمال الوحدۃ :
وقفت أمام الشمس صارخۃ بھا یا شمس: مثلک قلبي المتمرد
قلبي الذي جرف الحیاۃ شبابہ وسقی النجوم ضیاؤہ المتجدد
مھلاً: ولا یخدعک حزن حائر في مقلتيّ۔۔۔ و دمعۃ تتنھد!
فالحزن صورۃ ثورتي وتمردي تحت اللیالي۔۔۔ والألوھۃ تشھد
والآن سنتعرف علی بعض شعراء عصر نازك الملائکۃ وھم

بدر شاکر السیاب
ولد بدر شاکر السیاب في 25 دیسمبر 1926، فھو شاعر عراقي یعد واحداً من الشعراء المشھورین في الوطن العربي في القرن العشرین، کما یعتبرأحد مؤسسي الشعر الحر في الأدب العربي ، ویقول في أنشودۃ المطر۔
عیناك غابتا نخیل ساعۃ السحر۔
أو شرفتان راح ینأی عنھما القمر
عیناک حین تبسمان تورق الکروم
وترقص الأضواء کالأقمار في النھر
یرجّہ الجذاف وھناً ساعۃ السحر
قام بعض رواد الشعر في العراق ومنھم السیاب بمحاولات جادۃ للتخلص...

قاعدة الأصالة والتبعية وأثرها في المعاملات المالية المعاصرة

The Sharīʻah maxims related to originality and dependency are one of the most important maxims which have a significant role in Islamic law. Therefore, the classical jurists paid adequate attention to these maxims and applied them in various issues and cases of fiqh. This paper seeks to analyze the effect of these maxims in different commercial transactions, namely the shariah stauts about the investment and trade in shares of those companies whose mostly transactions are lawful and a few transations are unlawful, shariah status about sale and purchase of shares that contains liquid and fixed assets. This research also explains different types of contracts combined in a single transaction; discusses the effect (with special reference to facilitations and easiness) of said maxims in contracts combined in a single transaction; analyz all the traditions of prophet (ﷺ) about the combination of contracts. The article is divided into two main sections in the following way: First section contains three main Sharīʻah maxims related to originality and dependency. Second deals with the modern applications of these maxims in commercial transactions. An applied and juristic research approach has been employed for the collection and analysis of data.

Adjustment Problems of Christian and Sikh Minorities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The current study titled “Adjustment problems of Christian and Sikh minorities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan” was carried out in Districts of Peshawar and Swat. The aim of the study was to identify the socio-economic problems faced by the targeted minorities in their religious, educational, socio-cultural and economic activities (independent variables) activities and its influence on their social interaction (dependent variable). Five level likert scale was used to measure these variables and chi-square test was applied for testing the association of the independent variables with the dependent variable. The bi-variate results show that social interaction had a significant association with minorities participate in Muslims rituals/festivals (P=0.028), religious rituals and festivals celebration of minorities are permissible and acceptable in Pakistan (P=0.000), restriction upon minority rituals and religious practices (P=0.021), freedom to minorities to construct religious building publicly (P=0.003), the worship places of minorities are fully secured in Pakistan (P=0.001) and security guards are required in the worship places of minorities (P=0.000). Moreover, social interaction had a highly significant association with minorities are allowed to participate in all the economic activities with Muslims (P=0.000), Muslims like the minorities participation in the economic activities (P=0.000), minorities’ participation in economic activities leads towards social interaction and adjustment (P=0.000), mutual economic and business transaction help build positive favourable relation with minorities (P=0.000), minorities have economic relationship with Muslims in Pakistani society (P=0.004), minorities participation in all economic activities are considered a positive sign by majority (P=0.000), difficulties in economic transaction and relation are confronted to minorities in Pakistan (P=0.000), minorities confronted miseries in the pursuing and searching of jobs (P=0.000), minorities’ financial crises as a big hurdle in the way of adjustment with majority (P=0.000), minorities in Pakistan are free to occupy any profession in their life (P=0.031), minorities utilization of available quota in getting jobs in Pakistan (P=0.001) and minorities are discriminated at their workplace (P=0.018). In addition, social interaction had a significant association with minorities should read in combined educational institutes (P=0.002), minority want combined educational institution in Pakistan (P=0.000), religious teachers of minorities are paid by the government of Pakistan (P=0.000), religious school for minorities children (P=0.000) and derogatory remarks in textbooks against them (P=0.000). likewise, social interaction had a highly significant association with the opinion that conjugal relationship occurred between minority and majority (P=0.000), Muslim cultural activities have positive impact on minority moods of life (P=0.000), minority have Muslims friend in Pakistan (P=0.000), separate food arrangement for the Muslims in festivals (P=0.000), discrimination is found in the social status on the basis of minority relationship (P=0.000), Muslims (majority) participate in death ceremony of minority in this country (P=0.000), Muslims attend the funeral of minorities (P=0.000), Muslims attends the condolence of minorities (P=0.000), minorities are invited in ceremonial activities of Muslims (P=0.000) and there are difficulties in the celebration of tradition and customs in minorities day to day life (P=0.000). Taking strict security measures to protect the minority group members at their prayer places, initiating trust building measures like sports activities, interfaith dialogues and respecting each others’ cultural taboos, overcoming structural and institutional barriers in employment and economic opportunities faced by deprived minority groups, involvement of religious, political leaders, government officials and role models in interfaith trust building programs and effective use of mass media for interfaith trust building were some of the policy recommendations in light of the study findings.
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