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میرواہ کی راتیں اور جنس نگاری

میرواہ کی راتیں اور جنس نگاری

کومل شہزادی

اردوادب میں اصناف سخن ہو اصناف نثر دونوں میں جنس کو بطور موضوع برتا جارہا ہے۔بالخصوص ناولوں میں یہ رجحان ابتدا سے ہی ہے بیسویں صدی کے ناولوں پر نظر ڈالی جائے یا اکیسویں صدی کی دودہائیوں کے ناولوں پر ہمیں جنس کا رجحان لازم ملتا ہے۔رفاقت حیات کا شمار اکیسویں صدی میں ہوتا ہے۔علاوہ ازیں اکیسویں صدی کے ناول نگاروں میں  محمد حفیظ خان کے ناول انواسی اور آدھ ادھورے لوگ دیکھ لیجیے اور محمد اقبال دیوان کا ناول کہروڑ پکا کی نیلماں جس میں جنسی رجحان نظر آتا ہے۔

''میرواہ کی راتیں ''ناول کے مصنف رفاقت حیات ہیں ۔جو ایک عمدہ ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کے اس ناول نے ناول کی دنیا میں اپنا ایک مقام بنایا ہے ۔ یہ 15 اپریل 1973 کو محراب پور ، ضلع نوشہرہ سندھ میں پیدا ہوئے یہ ناول 2019ء میں عکس پبلی کیشنز سے شائع ہوا ۔جو 144 صفحات پر مشتمل ہے ۔ناول کا مرکزی کردار جس کے ذریعے ناول میں دیہی علاقے کی بھرپور عکاسی کی گئی ہے ۔نذیر جو کام کی غرض سے اپنے چاچا اور چاچی کے ہاں رہائش پذیر ہے   ۔ نذیر میر پور ماتھلیو سے ٹھری میرواہ آیا کیونکہ وہ اپنے والدین  کی آتھ اولادوں میں چوتھے نمبر پر تھا ، اس لیے اس کے حصے میں ماں باپ اور بڑے بھائی اور سب سے چھوٹے بھائی کے حصے میں آیا تھا ۔ پانچ برس کی عمر میں جب اسے اسکول میں داخل کروایا گیا تو پہلے ہی دن  ایک لنگڑے استاد نے کسی وجہ کے بغیر اسے تین زور دار تھپڑ رسید کیے ۔ اب یہ علم نہیں تھا کہ یہ استاد کے تھپروں کا اثر تھا یا اس کی طبیعت کا من...

ابن خرداذبہ اور ان كى كتاب المسالك والممالك: تاریخى وتنقیدى جائزہ

Ibn Khurdathba was a man with variable culture, he had an important role in the science of geography especially (knowing of the roads, locations of the cities, weather in addition to the news of general history and some arts like (music and singing )  The growth of Ibn Khurdathba in a family worked in the military field, close to the royal court has helped him to start his practical life early and allowed him also to contact with caliphs, ministers and writers in addition to occupying of the significant positions in the state, making it easier to get information from their original resources. Ibn Khurdathba has descended from Persian family lately entered into Islam۔ One of earliest geographical works of this period, his famous Kitab al- Masalik wa’l= Mamalik’. It gives a summary of the main trade routes of the Arab world and in addition provides description of such distant China, Korea and Japan. This article attempts his life and his “Al masalik wa al mamalik” book, varies sides.

Appraisal of Multiple Scenarios for Rice Plant Growth in Punjab Pakistan Through Rs/Gis Techniques

Rice has become an essential food/crop for 3 billion population of the world. Punjab province in Pakistan is famous for production of high quality rice globally, but economic indicators are low toward rice contribution in regional economy due to various climatic and physical factors. The contribution of rice in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan is only 1.3-1.6% which is very less however, efforts are on the way at governmental level to enhance the productions. In this research, we tried to explore various scenarios to improve the rice yield using satellite imagery in collaboration with real time field observations. These scenarios include 1) the impact assessment of ecological parameters on the rice yield through Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model 2) the identification of suitable site for rice cultivation through Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques 3) yield estimation using the rice plant spectral responses and 4) recognition of vulnerable sites under Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) attacks to save the rice crop canopies. Rice cultivation season was calculated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) time series datasets which showed that the rice cultivation could be exercised during the months April to November in the study site but the actual rice cultivation starts after May 20 of each year to save the crop from borer’s attacks following the Punjab rice ordinance, 1974. Net Primary Production (NPP) is an important indicator of the supply of food and wood. We used a hierarchy model and real time field observations to estimate NPP using satellite imagery. NPP incorporates various scenarios effecting the rice plant growth including 1) solar radiations 2) ground heat, sensible heat and latent heat fluxes 3) water availability 4) light use efficiency and 5) the net productions. According to NPP model, net radiations received by rice crop canopies were estimated as 27,428 Wm−2 (215.4 Wm−2 as averaged) throughout the rice cultivation period (RCP), including 23,168 Wm−2 (118.3 Wm−2 as averaged) as shortwave and 4260 Wm−2 (34.63 Wm−2as averaged) as longwave radiations. Soil, sensible and latent heat fluxes were approximated as 3324 Wm−2, 16,549 Wm−2, and 7554 Wm−2 respectively. Water stress on rice crops varied between 0.5838 and 0.1218 from the start to the end of the Rice Cultivation Period (RCP). Biomass generation declined from 6.09–1.03 g/m2 in the tillering and ripening stages respectively. We added a soil suitability constant (ħα) into the CASA model to achieve a more precise 2 estimates of yield. The spatial distribution of rice cultivation as per suitability zone was: the total area under investigation was 13657 km2, out of which 931.61 km2 (6.8%) was found to be least suitable, 3316.69 km2 (24.2%) was moderately suitable, 6019.63 km2 (44%) was highly suitable and 3395.28 km2 (24.85%) was not suitable for rice crop cultivation. Results showed that highly suitable area was characterized by a temperature range between 21-32°C, soil pH level between 5.5-7.2, soil type was <78% clay and the soil was imperfectly drained. We compared land suitability map covering the complete land use with rice cultivated area only and found the results as follows: 592 km2 (5.9%) rice cultivation was in least suitable, 4385 km2 (44%) cultivation was in highly suitable, 2210 km2 (23.2%) cultivation was in moderately suitable and 1674 km2 (16.8%) cultivation was in not suitable regions.1674 km2 was not suitable (NS), 592 km2 was less suitable (LS), 2210 km2 was moderately suitable (MS) and 4385 km2 was highly suitable (HS) soil type with ħα ranges of 0.05–0.25, 0.4–0.6, 0.7–0.75 and 0.85–0.95 of the CASA based yield, respectively. We estimated net production as 1.63 million tons, as per 0.46 ton/ha, 1.2 ton/ha 1.9 ton/ha and 2.4 ton/ha from NS, LS, MS and HS soil types, respectively. The results obtained through the improved CASA model, by addition of the constant ħα, are likely to be useful for agronomists by providing more accurate estimates of NPP
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