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اردو تنقید کا ارتقا

موضوع 10:اردو تنقیدکا ارتقا
تنقید کے پس منظرکاپہلانظریہ :
بعض لوگوں کے مطابق اردو تنقید کا آغاز تذکروں سے ہوتا ہے۔ اس سلسلے میں فارسی زبان میں۱۷۶۷ء یں فارسی زبان میں چھپنے والے میر تقی میر کے تذکرے "نکات الشعراء " کو سب سے پہلا تذکرہ تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے۔ اس میں اردو شاعروں کے حوالے سے لکھا گیا تھا۔اردو زبان میں پہلا تذکرہ ۱۸۰۸ء میں 'مرزا علی لطف 'نے" گلشن ہند "کے نام سے لکھا۔
تنقید کے پس منظرکادوسرانظریہ :
تمام ناقدین متفقہ طور پر۱۸۹۲ئمیں مولانا الطاف حسین حالی کے لکھے گئے "مقدمہ شعر و شاعری "کو تنقید کا نقطہ آغاز سمجھتے ہیں۔ ادب کی روایات پروان چڑھتے ہوئے۱۳۰سال میں ہماری تنقید نے جس رفتار سے ترقی کی ہے وہ بے مثال ہے اور اردو تنقید کی قابل رشک ترقی کا کسی بھی دوسری زبان سے موازنہ کیا جا سکتا ہے۔۱۸۹۲ئسے پہلے ایک مورخ اور بھی ہیں جن کا نام محمد حسین آزاد ہے۔ان کے لیکچر ز جو انہوں نے انجمن پنجاب کے پلیٹ فارم سے دیئے۔ان کو کتابی صورت میں 'آب حیات' میں اکٹھا کیا گیا۔بعض ناقدین کے مطابق مولانا حالی سے قبل ہی محمد حسین آزاد نے اردو تنقید کی بنیاد رکھ دی تھی۔
تنقید کے پس منظرکاتیسرانظریہ :
اردو تنقید کا آغاز استادی شاگردی کے اداروں اور مشاعروں اور مجلسی تنقید سے ہوا۔اس نظریے کے مطابق اردو شاعری اور تنقید کا آغاز ایک ساتھ ہوا۔ نئے تخلیق کار مشاعروں میں اپنی تخلیق پیش کرتے اور سامعین اس کی خوبیاں و خامیاں بیان کرتے ہیں۔اسے مجلسی تنقید کہتے ہیں۔اس لیے جب سے اردو شاعری شروع ہوئی ہے تب سے اردو تنقید کا آغاز ہوا ہے۔کلیم الدین احمد سمیت متعدد نقاد تذکرہ نگاری کو تنقید نہیں مانتے اس اعتبار سے آب حیات تک ہونے والی تنقید کو تنقید کا پس منظر توکہا جاتا ہے لیکن...

السلام فی القرآن الكريم

It goes without saying that peace has been a hot issue in the past; it is, still, a vital topic of discussion today, and it seems to continue to draw the attention of people in the future. We witness wars and destructions in several parts of the world. This has led to killings of millions of people, left innumerable number of families broken and displaced millions of people. We need to address it earnestly. The author of this dissertation has specified this topic with reference to the Holy Qur’ān, because being the book of Allāh Almighty, it means to us as the final constitution, the ultimate torchlight for our guidance, and a great blessing to the whole world. Peace means to be free from the calamities in this world and in the hereafter. Usually, peace is used to imply an opposition to war and violence between the nations. Peace is a virtue and it means absence of evil, and, therefore, it is always praiseworthy. The author of this paper deals with this topic by dividing it into six sections. These are, ‘The Peace’ as one of the divine names of Allāh Almighty; Peace equals good; Peace is praiseworthy; Peace in the sense of conciliation and security; Peace in the sense of customary Islamic salutation; and Refutation of the objection that Islām was spread by sword.

Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis in Bread Wheat-Derived Lines Across Environment

Identification of high yielding stable genotypes is an integral objective of plant breeding programs. Testing of genotypes across environments is required to determine yield stability of genotypes. The specific objective of the current study was to analyze genotype by environment interaction (GEI) of grain yield for 50 genotypes using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. Experiments were planted in an alpha lattice design with two replicates in Peshawar (E-1 and E-3), Hangu (E-2 and E-4) and Kohat (E-5) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan during 2011/12 and 2012/13. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits, while interactions due to genotype by environment were significant for all traits except days to emergence and 1000-grain weight. Significant GEI justified environment-specific as well as AMMI analysis to identify genotypes with specific and wider adaptation. The AMMI analysis revealed that the first interaction principal component analysis (IPCA 1) captured 64.0% of GEI sum of squares while the second interaction principal component analysis (IPCA 2) explained 25.8% of the interaction sum of square. The AMMI biplot identified G30 as a high yielding genotype followed by G19 and G49, whereas low yielding genotypes were G13, G8 and G7. Being close to IPCA1 axis, the most stable genotype with wider adaptability was G30 followed by G31 and G25. Based on AMMI stability value (ASV), genotypes G18 (2.15), G5 (2.78), G27 (3.72), G44 (4.31), G25 (4.43), G42 (4.57), G43 (5.78), G11 (5.82), G1 (7.66) and G29 (7.81) were found in the given order of relative stability. GGE biplot analysis explained 79.9% (PCA1=56.6 and PCA2= 23.3%) of the total variation. Genotype G19 positioning on vertex in sector E-3, E-4 and E-5, while G30 in sector E-1 and E-2 revealed their specific suitability to respective environments. GGE biplot identified environment E-4 as the most representative environment, whereas G49, G30, G22 and G45 as the high yielding genotypes. Shifted multiplicative model (SHMM) grouped genotypes into four clusters based on similarity/dissimilarity index for grain yield. High yielding and stable genotypesG19, G49 and G30 were placed in group B. Grain yield had positive association with tillers m-2 (r =0.73**), grain weight spike-1 (r =0.57**), biological growth rate (r =0.44**), grain growth rate (r = 0.80**), biological yield (r = 0.41**) and harvest index (r = 0.55*). The SHMM clustering and correlations of yield with other traits inferred that tillers m-2, grain weight spike-1, biological growth rate, grain growth rate, biological yield and harvest index contributed towards higher grain yield. Therefore, these traits could be used as selection criteria for the improvement of grain yield in bread wheat. Stability analysis identified G49 (Wafaq × Ghaznavi-98-3) as a high yielding stable genotype among breeding lines which can be commercialized after fulfilling procedural requirements
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