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مولانا عبدالرزاق ملیح آبادی

مولانا عبدالرزاق ملیح آبادی
افسوس ہے۲۴/جون کو صبح کے وقت بمبئی میں مولانا عبدالرزاق ملیح آبادی کا۶۵برس کی عمر میں انتقال ہوگیا، نعش بمبئی سے ملیح آباد لائی گئی اور بروز جمعہ ۲۶/جون کوسپرد خاک کردی گئی۔
مرحوم اردو اورعربی دونوں زبانوں کے نامور ادیب، صحافی اورانشاء پرداز تھے۔عربی کی تعلیم مصر میں پائی تھی اورسید رشید رضا مرحوم جواپنے عہد کے اکابر علماء اورمحققین اورمصنفین میں سے تھے ان کے تلمیذ رشید تھے، اس لیے مرحوم عربی زبان بالکل مادری زبان کی طرح بولتے اورلکھتے تھے۔ مصر سے واپس آکر کلکتہ سے عربی کاایک جریدہ’’الجامعہ‘‘کے نام سے نکالا جو عربی کے اساتذہ اورطلباء میں بڑا مقبول ہوالیکن یہاں مولانا ابوالکلام کے دامان دولت سے وابستہ ہونے کے بعد انھوں نے اردواخبار نویسی کواپنا مستقل نصب العین زندگی بنا لیا اور بڑی محنت کاوش اورمشق ومزاولت کے بعد اس میں بھی اپنا خاص ایک ایسا اسلوب پیدا کیا کہ اردو زبان کے بھی صاحب طرزادیب بن گئے۔ اُن کی تحریر صاف سپاٹ،بہت سلیس وعام فہم مگرساتھ ہی ولولہ انگیز اور پُرجوش ہوتی تھی۔اس سلسلہ میں وہ اوّلاً ’الہلال‘ اور’البلاغ‘ کی ادارت میں مولانا ابوالکلام کے رفیق رہے اور پھر کلکتہ سے ہی متعدد اخبار خوداپنے نکالے، تقسیم کے بعدا پنا اخبار روزانہ ’آزاد ہند‘ اپنے لایق فرزند احمد سعید صاحب ملیح آبادی کے حوالہ کرکے دہلی چلے گئے اور انڈین کونسل فارکلچرل ریلیشنزکے سہ ماہی عربی مجلہ ’ثقافۃ الہند‘ کوبڑی قابلیت سے ایڈٹ کرتے رہے۔ اس کے علاوہ آل انڈیا ریڈیو اسٹیشن دہلی کے عربی پروگرام کے بھی ڈائریکٹر رہے۔ اخبارات و رسائل کی اڈیٹری کے باوجودتصنیف وتالیف اورترجمہ کا مشغلہ بھی رکھتے تھے چنانچہ متعدد کتابیں ترجمہ کیں اور کئی کتابیں تالیف کیں جن میں آخری ضخیم کتاب وہ ہے جومولاناابوالکلام آزاد پرہے اورغیر مطبوعہ ہے۔
ذاتی اخلاق واوصاف کے اعتبار سے مرحوم بڑے باوضع، بامروت،...

IMPLEMENTASI TEORI BEHAVIORISME TERHADAP PEMBIASAAN MEMBACA ASMAUL HUSNA

The theory of learning behaviorism observe the change of one's behavior as a result of past experience. This theory emphasizes that the behavior is a result of the interaction between the stimulus and the response. This theory does not recognize the presence of innate intelligence or derivatives, but rather recognizes that intelligence is influenced by environmental factors. This theory can be applied in learning that requires practice, habituation and repetition. Therefore, to introduce and understand about Asmaul Husna, the theory of behaviorism can be applied in the process of habituation. The recitation of Asmaul Husna is very much contained in its role. Among them to introduce and hang students about Asmaul Husna, so students will feel closer to God if they often apply Asmaul Husna readings and will always feel that everything we do is supervised by God. Like the example of one of the traits contained in Asmaul Husna.  Based on the discussion, the problem raised is how to implement behaviorism theory to the habituation of Asmaul Husna reading.

An Investigation of Representative Discharge and its Impact on Channel Planforms

The representative discharge of a channel having variable flows has been the subject of interest among researchers since several decades. Estimation of representative discharge in a channel had been made using various approaches such as bankfull discharge (based on concept when water overtops the river banks), the effective discharge (discharge which over a period of record transports the maximum sediment) and a recurrent interval discharge. In this study efforts have been made to collect and analyse published data as well as data collected for four river reaches of Jhelum and Kunhar Rivers in Pakistan as part of this study. The four approaches used in this study for estimation of effective discharge include; i) class based rating curve approach; ii) class based average approach; iii) half load approach and iv) event based approach. The estimated discharges using the above approaches for all four reaches were compared with bankfull discharges and 1.5 year recurrent interval discharges. A modified approach of calculating effective discharge termed as representative discharge (Qeff,rep) has been proposed and validated using data of four river sites collected in this study. Analysis of published data revealed that relation between effective discharge (Qeff), bankfull discharge (Qbf) and 1.5 year return period discharge (Q1.5) is strong. The relationship is stronger between Qeff and Qbf as compared to Qeff and Q1.5. For calculating the class based effective discharge flow data need to be distributed among various classes and the class sizes are determined by dividing the discharge range to the total number of classes of interest. This study showed that influence of class size on the estimation of effective discharge is significant and influences both magnitude of effective discharge and the nature of the histogram. The detailed analysis of the histogram suggested that unimodal (expected theoretically) histogram seems to be achieved for class sizes from 20 to 35 with average value being 25. The comparison of various approaches for estimating effective discharge with bankfull discharge showed that class based rating curve approach values are maximum and event based approach values are minimum. The ratio of effective discharge to bankfull discharge in this study ranges from 1.09 to 0.73 using various approaches. The assessment of modified approach revealed that it produces a reasonable similarity with measured values of bankfull discharge and class based rating curve method and moreover is unaffected by the variation in number of classes and hence reduces the subjectivity in calculating effective discharge. An effort was also made to investigate the changes in river channel planform due to variable flows in natural streams. The morphological data of 132 km long alluvial reach of River Indus in Pakistan for 32 years (1979 to 2010) were collected using satellite images and record of the relevant departments. This data indicated that overall changes in sinuosity of main river channel were not significant. However there have been instantaneous changes in sinuosity up to the order of ±5%, which could not sustain on long term basis. The average rate of migration of meanders in this reach was 68 meters per year for the same period. The analysis further indicates that there was a wide range of radius of curvature to channel width ratio (r/b) in this reach. The r/b values ranged from 1.3 to 8.4 and analysis indicated that maximum migration of meanders occurred at r/b value of about 2.6. An empirical model has been developed to predict the meander migration distance based upon the data set of 132 km long river reach of Indus River. The developed model is producing comparable results with the measured migration rates.
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