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6. Al-An’am/The Livestock

6. Al-An’am/The Livestock

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

06:01
All Praise and Gratitude be to Allah - the One and Only God,
WHO created without a precedent the celestial realm and the terrestrial world, and
made the darkness and the light.
Yet those who disbelieve ascribe other entities to their Rabb- The Lord.

06:02
It is HE WHO created you from clay,
and then decreed a span of lifetime for each one of you –
while another span of Time is appointed for the Final Judgment by HIM as well.
Yet despite that, you continue to doubt about it.

06:03
And HE is Allah in the celestial realm and also in the terrestrial world.
HE Knows exactly whatever you hide in your hearts and also whatever you utter publicly, and
HE also Knows whatever you are earning of good and evil – deeds, speech, and dealings.

06:04
a. Yet despite that not a Message comes to them with Messages from their Rabb - The Lord
without their turning away from it in denial.

06:05
And they have willfully and persistently belied the Truth – The Qur’an - when it came to them -
but soon will come to them the news of that which they have been ridiculing and mocking.

06:06
Do they not see in their travels as they pass by the ancient archaeological sites how many generations WE punished and destroyed before them?
WE had firmly established them in the land in a way WE have not established you.
And WE poured upon them plentiful rain from the...

The Problems Faced by a Translator

Translation is a separate genre and should be treated as one with its specie set of issues, nuances and problem. The Islamic scholars face a peculiar set of problems as their root-medium is Arabic and it is from Arabic to the other languages--- that conversion words a translators' main job are hard to find. The following article is an effort to highlight the set of problems and issues faced by Muslim non-Arab translators while dealing with the medium of Arabic language.

Economics of Organic Production Systems and Policy Options in South Asia

Agriculture is predominately the main sector of South Asia which employs about 60% of the labor force and contributes 22% of the regional GDP. Most of the farmers are small who are facing the high cost of production incurred mainly on pesticides and fertilizers. Moreover, the transition from traditional agriculture to Green Revolution agriculture, led to mono-cropping patterns, loss of on farm biodiversity and dependence on capital. On the other side, organic agriculture was a possible option for the farmers in comparison with Green Revolution technologies by depending on their on-farm resources, promoting crop diversity and using environment friendly techniques. The present study was designed to assess the profitability of Organic production systems in comparison with Conventional systems. The study was conducted in three South Asian countries including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select the sample farms to collect the primary data from both organic and conventional farms. The profit function approach which combines the concepts of technical and allocative efficiency was utilized to assess the profit efficiency of organic and conventional farms. The focus of the study was to estimate the profit efficiency of organic and conventional farmers along with factors affecting the profit efficiency. Cobb Douglas functional form of stochastic profit frontier function was used to determine the profit efficiency. Rice and wheat crops being both cash and staple food crops of the region were selected for the comparative analysis. The results of the study show that the average profit efficiency of Pakistani organic wheat (0.915) was relatively higher than the conventional farmers (0.911) to conclude that organic wheat farmers are more profit efficient than conventional farmers. The average profit efficiency of organic rice farmers (0.89) was less than conventional rice farmers (0.910) in Pakistan but still comparable. The average profit efficiency of organic and conventional wheat farmers in Nepal was found to be approximately equal with efficiency scores 0.860 and 0.855 respectively while average profit efficiency (0.874) of organic rice farmers is slightly better than the average profit efficiency of conventional rice farmers (0.857). The organic wheat farmers in Bangladesh were more profit efficient with efficiency score of 0.902 as compared to conventional wheat farmers with efficiency score o.733. Profit efficiency of organic rice farmers with efficiency score 0.748, was better than conventional rice farmers (0.657). The results show that variable costs impact differently in both organic and conventional farming but their overall impact is found to lower the profit. Capital and soil fertility were observed to play an important role in increasing profit. The pest breakout significantly affects the profit negatively in all selected countries and requires timely application of plant protection measures. The study also attempted to ascertain the factors affecting the profit efficiency in wheat and rice farming under organic and conventional conditions. The estimated coefficient of education is significant in all categories with negative sign indicating that education is contributing to reduce the profit inefficiency in both organic and conventional farming in the selected countries. The coefficient of experience is significant in organic and conventional wheat farming and conventional rice farming. The coefficient of experience is non-significant in organic rice farming. The negative sign in all categories indicates that experience of the farmers contributes to reduce the profit inefficiency. Experience of the farmers in wheat and rice farming, linkages with extension services and access to credit were also the important variables to affect the inefficiency negatively. Off-farm employment was found to have positive impact on efficiency especially in case of Bangladesh. KEY WORDS: Organic Agriculture; Profit efficiency; Stochastic frontier profit function; Rice and wheat crops; South Asia
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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