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یوسف نیر

                یوسف نیر(۱۹۴۷ء ۔۲۰۱۷) کا اصل نا م یوسف رحمت ہے اور نیر تخلص ہے ۔ آپ محلہ اٹاری گیٹ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔(۱۰۹۰) آپ نے ایم ۔اے اردو پنجاب یونیورسٹی اور ایم۔فل اردو علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی سے کیا۔ ۱۹۷۹ء میں آپ کی تعیناتی بطور لیکچرار گورنمنٹ کالج رحیم یار خان میں ہوئی۔ گورنمنٹ کالج سیالکوٹ سے ایسوسی ایٹ پروفیسر کے عہدے پر آپ ریٹائر ہوئے ۔(۱۰۹۱) آپ کالج میگزین lکے مدیر رہے اور ان کی ادبی تخلیقات اس میں شائع ہوتی تھیں۔ آپ کا شعری کلام ’’کاتھولک‘‘،’’نقیب‘‘ ،لاہور ،’’شاداب ‘‘ لاہور ، ’’شعاعِ نور‘‘ ،لاہور ،’’بیسویں صدی‘‘ ،لاہور اور ’’فنون ‘‘ لاہور میں شائع ہوتا رہا۔

                آپ مرے کالج کی مجلسِ سخن اور مجلسِ اقبال کے انچارج رہے۔ نیرمرے کالج کے علمی و ادبی مجلہ ’’الفیض ‘‘ کے نگران رہے اور مرے کالج سے اقبال نمبر اور غالب نمبر شائع کیے۔۱۹۸۸ء میں آپ پاکستان رائٹرز گلڈ کے مرکزی صدر منتخب ہوئے۔ پنجابی ادب سنگت لندن نے انھیں ۲۰۰۰ء کاادبی ایوارڈ لندن میں ایک مشاعر ے میں پیش کیا۔ (۱۰۹۲)’’روشنی کا پہلا دن‘‘ یوسف نیر کا شعری مجموعہ الحمد پبلی کیشنز نے ۱۹۹۲ء کو شائع کیا۔

                یوسف نیر ادب میں ادب برائے زندگی نظریے کے قائل ہیں۔ انھوں نے اپنی شاعری میں ہمیشہ غریب ،مظلوم اور پسماندہ معاشرے کے پسے ہوئے انسانوں کے دکھ اور محرومی کی بات کی ہے۔ وہ ظالم ،جابر اور استحصالی نظام اور افراد کی مـذمت کرتے ہیں۔ نیر گہرا سماجی شعور رکھتے ہیں وہ سماجی اور معاشرتی ظلم و ستم کو نظر انداز نہیں کرتے بلکہ اسے محسوس کرتے ہیں اور اپنی شاعری میں جا بجا بیان کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:

راہ کوئی نہیں ہے بچنے کی……

 

1ہر طرف شیش ناگ بیٹھے ہیں

 

زین الدین ابن نجىم اور ہربرٹ بروم کى فقہی و قانونی تعبیرات کے حوالے سے قاعدہ ازالہ ضرر و مشقت کا عمومی جائزہ

Both Zainuddin Ibn Nujaim (d. 970HJ) and Herbert Broom (d. 1882CE) are famous for the arrangement, interpretations and for sound applications of juristico-legal maxims and rules respectively in Muslim and western world of law and jurisprudence. The al-Ashbah wa-Al-Nazair  of Ibn Nujaim and Broom’s Legal Maxims of Herbert Broom speak of their deep approach to the concerned discipline. This article provides a general analysis of the juristico-legal interpretations regarding the elementary maxim of hardship and injuria remedium (hardship and harm remission) as made by Ibn Nujaim (d.970HJ) and Herbert Broom(d.1882CE) in their aforesaid books.

Screening of Wheat Varieties for Salinity Tolerance As Affected by Seed Priming

The experiments were conducted at The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Pakistan in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications for two years (winter 2013-2014 and winter 2014-2015). The objectives of the experiments were to screen wheat varieties for salinity tolerance and to evaluate the effect of seed priming in improving salinity tolerance of varieties. In first experiment, the effects of soil salinity and seed priming was evaluated in wheat varieties (Lalma-2013, Shahkar-2013, Pirsabak-2013, Insaf-2015, Barsat-2010, Atta-Habib-2010, Siran-2010, Bathoor-2008, Pirsabak-2008, Seher-2006, Pirsabak-2005, Saleem-2000, Uqab-2000 and Inqilab- 1991) in sand culture as root media. Highest tillers plant-1(4.31), leaves plant-1(15.91), root length (24.12 cm), root fresh weight plant-1 (2.36 g), shoot K+ content (1.35 mg g-1 dry weight), root K+content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.57 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot proline content (125.16 μg g-1 fresh weight) and root proline content (64.08 μg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). Maximum germination (85.42%), shoot length (35.44 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1(8.61 g), root K+ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.78 mg g-1 dry weight) and roots Ca++ content (0.72 mg g-1 dry weight) was produced from variety (Lalma-2013). Maximum roots dry weight plant-1(0.47g) and shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.08g) was observed in variety Pirsabak-2005. Highest root to shoot ratio (0.24) and shoot chlorophyll b content (1.01 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety (Insaf-2015). The variety (Uqab-2000) showed maximum days to emergence (9.38), shoot Na+ content (1.31 mg g-1 dry weight), root Na+ content (2.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.86) and root Na+/K+ ratio. Seed priming has significantly affected all parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+ ratio and root Na+/K+ ratio. The effect of seed priming was significant (P≤0.05) on wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013). In second experiment, the effect of salinity (0, 3, 6 and 9 dSm-1) and seed priming with 50 mM CaCl2 and no seed priming was observed in six wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013, Atta-Habib-2010 and Pirsabak- 2008, Saleem-2000 and Inqilab-1991), two each from tolerant, moderate and sensitive varieties with soil as root media. Maximum leaves plant-1(18.25), shoot length (56.86 cm), roots length (22.59 cm), shoot fresh weight plant-1 (8.54 g), roots fresh weight plant-1 (2.62 g), roots to shoot ratio (0.219), productive tillers plant-1 (3.27), spike length (8.16 cm), grains spike-1(43.19), and hundred grains weight (3.20 g) was recorded from variety (Pirsabak-2005). The variety (Pirsabak-2005) produced highest biological yield (12.46 g plant-1), grain yield (4.57 g plant-1) and harvest index (35.95%). Maximum shoot K+ content (1.23 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot Ca++ content (0.76 mg g-1 dry weight), root Ca++ content (0.58 mg g-1 dry weight), shoot chlorophyll a content (1.60 mg g-1 fresh weight), shoot chlorophyll b content (1.03 mg g-1 fresh weight) and shoot proline (118.20 μg g-1 fresh weight) was recorded from variety v (Pirsabak-2005). Wheat variety(Lalma-2013) showed maximum germination (85.21%), tillers plant-1 (4.16), shoot dry weight plant-1 (2.19 g), days to anthesis (113.00), days to maturity (143.75), and root K+ content (0.66 mg g-1 dry weight) Highest shoot Na+ content (1.26 mg g-1 dry weight) was recorded from variety Saleem- 2000. Wheat variety (Inqilab-1991) indicated maximum days to emergence (9.21), shoot Na+/K+ ratio (1.55), root Na+ content (2.55 mg g-1 dry weight) and root Na+/K+ ratio (7.31). The techniques of seed priming has positively affected all above mentioned parameters except days to emergence, shoot Na+ content, root Na+ content, shoot Na+/K+, root Na+/K+ ratio. Wheat varieties (Pirsabak-2005 and Lalma-2013) were positively affected with seed priming compared with other varieties. It is concluded that salinity stresses has adversely affected different physiological, biochemical and yield parameters of wheat varieties however, seed priming with CaCl2 has alleviated the adverse effects of salinity in wheat varieties
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