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کلرک کا نغمہ محبت کا تنقیدی جائزہ

کلرک کا نغمہ محبت کا تنقیدی جائزہ
میرا جی کے سماجی شعور کااظہار ان کی کئی نظموں میں ہوا ہے۔ جہاں چھوٹے طبقوں سے ان کی واضح وابستگی کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے ان کی نظمم کلرک کانغمہ محبت اس کی بہترین مثال ہے۔
متوسط طبقے کی ذہنی عکاسی:
سب رات مری سپنوں میں گزر جاتی ہے اور میں سوچتا ہوں
پھر صبح کی دیوی آتی ہے
اپے بستر سے اٹھتا ہوںمنہ دھوتا ہوں
لایا تھا کل جو ڈبل روٹی
اس میں سے آدھی کھائی تھی
باقی جو بچی وہ میرا آج کا ناشتہ ہے
اس بندمیں جس طرح ایک متوسط طبقے کے شخص کی ذہنی عکاسی کی گئی ہے۔ وہ مشاہدے کی زیر کی دلیل ہے۔ متوسط طبقے کا یہ شخص کیسے ایسے سہانے خواب دیکھتا ہے لیکن حقیقت یہ ہے کہ رات کی بچی ہوئی روٹی کھا کر دفتر روانہ ہونا پڑتاہے۔ حقیقت اور سپنے کا یہ تضاد میر ا جی کے مشاہدے کی دلیل تو ہے ہی ‘ کلرک کے ساتھ ان کی وابستگی اور اس کے مسائل کو اسی کی سطح پر اتر کر سمجھنے کی ایک کوشش بھی ہے۔ اس نظم میں محرومیوں کا طویل سلسلہ ہے جن سے اس نظم کا مرکزی کردار گزرتاہے۔ ا? س پاس کی ا?سائشوں اور لوگوں کے اطمینان و سکون کو دیکھتا دفتر پہنچتا ہے۔ اور اپنے افسر کی فضول باتیں سنتا ہے۔ نظم کا اختتام ان سطروں پر ہوتا ہے۔
پل بھر کے لیے اپنے کمرے کو فائل لینے ا?تا ہوں
اور دل کی آگ سلگتی ہے میں بھی جو کوئی افسر ہوتا
اس شہر کی دھول اور گلیوں سے کچھ دورمرا گھر ہوتا
اور تو ہوتی
لیکن میں تو اک منشی ہوں تو اونچے گھر کی رانی ہے
یہ میری پریم کہانی ہے اور دھرت سے بھی پرانی ہے
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Western Parameters of Freedom of Expression: A Critique from Islamic Perspective

This study explores Western parameters and principles of freedom of expression from an Islamic perspective. Western thought advocates infinite freedom of speech but it also has some regulations, limits and restraints. Every Western human rights instrument and convention guarantee freedom of expression, but in fact, the excess of freedom is bringing the society to a harsh kind of clash and conflict. In simple words, freedom without sufficient legal and moral restrictions cannot be managed. It is also observed that without strict legal and moral boundaries, it cannot become fruitful for the state and society. Even the Western world, which is representative of maximum freedom of speech, also bounds freedom of expression with some parameters and restrictions. However, it is propagated that the Western laws provide outclass freedom of expression and speech. The actual situation is not as good as it is expressed, because on one hand, the international instruments provide freedom of speech and on the other, they limit it through certain laws. It means freedom of expression is not free of boundaries in the West also. In other words, it is only a mythology and controlled propaganda that the Western thought and civilization provides absolute and unlimited freedom of expression and press in their countries. Instead, Islamic teachings categorically agree to provide the right to freedom of expression but on the other hand, it binds them with some social, moral and legal boundaries to save the society from any kind of clash and conflict. It is perceived Western legal instruments limit freedom of expression with some legal boundaries and laws rather than ethics and morals. It is recommended on behalf of this study that the Western world also puts moral and religious boundaries on freedom of expression for its safety. An analytical & critical approach with qualitative research methodology is adopted in the study.

Determinants of Corporate Borrowing a Comparative Study of Developed, Emerging and Developing Countries

Previous literature suggests that some predictions of the capital structure theory are portable across countries. But still there are persistent discrepancies and crossectional variations regarding choice of debt. Therefore not only firm specific, but country specific factors are also influencing firms’ choice of debt. The basic purpose of this dissertation is to investigate exactly which predictions of the theory are portable across and how debt choice is influenced by institutional features in developed, emerging and developing economies. This particular study analyzes and compares the determinants of debt ratios using firm specific data from 2006 to 2016 for a sample comprised of 9536 non financial firms from 27 countries. Our sample of countries includes 10 each from developed and emerging and 07 from developing economic block. Panel data models have been used to test the impact of 09 firm specific attributes on debt ratios in indi vidual countries. Comparison of results suggest that profitability and size of firm are two widely validated firm specific determinants of long term debt ratios across all countries irrespective of economic blocks they belong. Similarly assets struc ture and liquidity are consistent and most validated firms’ specific determinants of short term debt across all countries. Negative slopes of profitability, asset struc ture and liquidity are in line with pecking order hypothesis, while positive slope of size is in accordance with trade-off theory. Apart from profitability, size, asset structure and liquidity rest of regressors have different impact on leverage ratios in different countries. Thus we say that it is difficult to reconcile all firm specific factors under a single theoretical frame work. However theoretical predictions of pecking order theory are widely validated. We also examine the impact of 06, country specific attributes on average long term debt ratios in each economic block using panel data models. Regression outputs show that countries characteristics differently influence average long term debt ratios in the three economic blocks. Bond market development in advanced countries is the only positive significant factor that affects average long term debt in developed countries. Results of emerging block show that both legal integrity and bond market development significantly influence firm’s choice to employ debt. In contrast to emerging countries, our results suggest that improvement in legal enforcement and integrity actually encourages firms in the developing countries to borrow more in long run.
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