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روہنگیا زبان وادب کا تذکرہ

میانمار(برما) ایک کثیر القومی ، کثیر المذہبی ، کثیر الثقافتی ملک ہے ۔ میانمار کی ریاست اراکان(موجودہ رکھائن) کے باشندے روہنگیا کہلاتے ہیں جہان صدیوں سینکڑوں سال  تقریباً 48  مسلم بادشاہوں نے حکومت کی ۔لیکن عصر حاضر میں روہنگیا  دنیا  کی کمزور ترین  اور مظلوم  ترین  مسلم اقلیت ہے۔. ریاست اراکان(موجودہ راکھائن) میں روہنگیا سب سے بڑا گروہ ہے ۔ روہنگیا دورِ حاضر میں بے ریاست لوگوں کا سب سے بڑاگروہ ہے ۔روہنگیا قوم دنیا کی ان دس اقوام میں شامل ہے جن کا وجود دنیا سے مٹ جانے کا خطرہ ہے۔روہنگین تہذیب ایک منفردتہذیب ہے ۔ اراکانی زبا ن وادب اسلامی تہذیب وتمدن کے بل بوتے پر پروان چڑھتےرہے۔روہنگیاایک قدیم زبان ہےجو بنگلہ دیش کی چٹاگانگی زبان سے ملتی جلتی ہے ۔یہ زبان میانمار اور اس کی ریاست راکھائن میں بولی جانے والی دوسری زبانوں سے مختلف ہے۔یہ نہ صرف بنیادی طور پر فارسی،اردو ،ہندی اور عربی زبانوں کے الفاظ  کا مرکب ہے بلکہ کسی حد تک انگریزی زبان کے کچھ الفا ظ  بھی اس میں شامل  ہیں۔ تاریخ کی کتب میں اس بات کا ذکر ملتا ہے کہ1429ءمیں جنرل ولی خاں نے اراکان میں  فارسی بطورسرکاری زبان رائج کی جو 1845 ء تک ریاستی زبان کے طور پر جاری رہی۔قدیم دورسےمسلمان مصنفین اور شاعر روہنگیا زبان میں فارسی اور عربی حروفِ تہجی کااستعمال کیا کرتےتھے۔ایسی ہی ایک کتاب کا ذکر  روہنگیا کے  مشہور ومعروف مصنف طاہر باتھاکے ہاں ملتاہے۔اس کے علاوہ اراکان کےتاریخی سکےفارسی اورعربی میں نقش کنندہ الفاظ سےمزین ہوتےتھے۔روہنگیاادب محبت کےگانوں، لوک کہانیوں، بارہ ماسہ، صوفیانہ گیتوں، محاورات،غزلوں، پہیلیوں اورلوریوںسےبھرپورہے۔ بارہ ماسہ  روہنگیا  ادب کا مقبول حصہ ہے۔یہ ایک   ایسی صنفِ سخن ہے جس میں ایک  دکھی عورت اپنے  محبوب کی جدائی کو  بیان کرتی ہے۔وہ اس کے فراق میں ماہی بےآب کی طرح تڑپتی ہے۔ہر مہینے میں موسم کی بدلتی ہوئی  کیفیت...

اسیران جنگ سے متعلق اسلام کے شرعى احکام کا علمى و تحقیقی جائزہ

The history of the prisoners of war is as old as the history of wars. The prisoners of war have been kept since old times. Before Islam there were only two kinds of treatment of prisoners of war. Either they were killed or made slaves. But Islam created many new ways for them which include: exchange of prisoners, ransom, gratuitous release and making them tax payers. And these options were used so as to allow them greater chance of winning freedom. All these options were being opted during the era of Holy Prophet SAW and later on carried out by Khulafa e Rashideen (RA) and other Muslim rulers. Whereas the killing of prisoners of war was limited to solid and irrefutable causes as exceptional cases. Furthermore the enslavement of prisoners was only opted as reciprocity. Both the above mentioned situations are not established rule in Islam. That's why there is no mention of these two options in Holy Quran. In this research paper all these options have been critically examined and researched. The arguments and references have been taken from Holy Quran and Hadith along with the sayings of Sahaba (RA), the practices of Muslim rulers and the judgments of Islamic jurists in this regard.

Biochemical Analysis and Genetic Polymorphism of Angiogenic Factors and Inflammatory Markers in Pakistani Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is an ophthalmic disease with complex aetiologyand is considered to be one of the major reasons of blindness in aged population. Inflammatory processes are suggested to play an important role in AMD pathogenesis and its progression. The present cross sectional and case-control study was carried out to investigate the role of inflammatory markers and angiogenic growth factors in AMD pathogenesis. Diagnosis was done through slit lamp examination, OCT and FFA. Normotensive and non-diabetic subjects aged ≥50 years diagnosed with AMD were selected. Age matched healthy individuals with no symptoms of AMD were selected as controls. Serum lipids, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), leptin, HTRA1, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-reactive protein (CRP) and complimentary factor H (CFH) were determined in patients and controls. Genotype analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-6 gene (rs1800795; rs1800796; rs1800797); IL-8 gene (rs4073; rs2227306; rs2227543); VEGF gene (rs3025039; rs699947) and CRP gene (rs1205; rs1130864) were done through restriction fragment length polymorphism. Data were computed through SPSS version 18.0 (Chicago, Illinois, USA) and Graph Pad Prism (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA). Data sets were compared between control and AMD patients through student’s t-test. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared through χ 2 . Significance level was p<0.05. Since the data were obtained from a sample population, to reduce heterogeneity of error, Box-Cox transformation algorithm was applied. Multivariate analysis of variance (M-ANOVA) was applied on the transformed data to investigate association of serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and CRP with AMD. Transformed data showed elevated serum levels of IL-8 (p<0.015) and VEGF (p<0.0108) and reduced ApoE (p<0.032) in AMD patients compared to control subjects. Serum VEGF levels were significantly raised (p<0.0001) in wet AMD patients compared to the dry AMD patients. The IL-6 levels were significantly high in patients with genotype GG for rs4073(p<0.0001). IL-8 levels were significantly high in patients with genotype GG for rs2227543(p<0.002). Significantly high VEGF levels were observed in patients xwith genotype TT for rs3025039(p<0.038). CRP levels did not change significantly with respect to genotype forrs1205 and rs1130864. The study concludes that inflammatory markers and angiogenic growth factors are significantly altered in AMD pathogenesis. Significant findings of the present study which are pertinent to mention is that altered levels of inflammatory markers and angiogenic factors are related to the genetic polymorphism for IL-6, IL-8 and VEGF genes. However, SNPs in relation to CRP were not related to serum CRP levelsin AMD patients.
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