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بے وقوف زمین دار

بے وقوف زمین دار

اک دفعہ دا ذکر اے کہ چار پاگل بازار وچ ٹرے جا رہے سن۔ اوہناں دی نظر حلوہ کدو اتے پئی۔ اوہناں آکھیا ایہہ گھوڑے دا انڈہ اے۔ جے ایس نوں اسیں اپنے کھیت وچ بیج لئے تاں گھوڑے اُگن گے۔ اوہناں دکان دار کولوں چار وڈے وڈے حلوہ کدو خریدے تے اپنے پنڈ پرت آئے۔

اگلے دن چاروں اپنے کھیت ول جاندے نیں۔ اوہناں بہت محنت نال ہل چلایا تے کدو بیج دتے۔ اوہناں کھیت اندر کھاد وی پائی تے پانی وی لایا۔ کجھ دناں پچھوں کھیت وچ ہری ہری گھاہ اگ آئی۔

اوہناں دے کھیت دے نال ای اک وڈے زمین دار دا ڈیرہ سی۔ اک دن اوس دے گھوڑے کھل کے گھاہ چرن لئی اوہناں دے کھیت وچ آ گئے۔ اوہناں چاراں جدوں گھوڑے ویکھے تاں آکھیا کہ ساڈے کھیت وچ گھوڑے اگ آئے نیں۔ اوہناںگھوڑیاں نوں پھڑ کے بنھ لیا۔ شام نوں زمین دار نوں پتہ لگا کہ اوہدے گھوڑے گوانڈھیاں بنھ لے نیں۔ اوہ گھوڑے لین لئی اوہناں کول گیا۔ اوہناں چاراں آکھیا کہ اساں اپنے کھیت وچ گھوڑے دے انڈے بیجے سن۔ ایہہ گھوڑے اگے نیں۔ ایس لئی ایہہ ساڈے گھوڑے نیں۔ زمین دار نوں پتہ لگا کہ ایہہ چاروں پاگل نیں۔ اوہ ایہناں نوں نال لے گیا تے اوہناں نوں ملازم رکھ لیا۔

زمین دار نے پہلے نوں آکھیا کہ توں ہل واہ کے پکان لئی گوشت لے کے آنا ایں۔ دوجے نوں آکھیا کہ توں بھیڈ بکریاں لے کے جانیاں ایں۔ تیجے نوں آکھیا کہ توں ریڑھی تے توڑی لے کے آنی ایں۔ چوتھے نوں آکھیا کہ جدوں میری ماں سوں جاوے توں اوہدے منہ توں مکھیاں اڈانیاں نیں۔ پہلا ہل لے کے کھیت چلا جاندا اے۔ ہل واہن توں بعد اوس اک...

Is History a Threat? (Comment)

Erick Hobsbawm (d.2012) was a Marxist historian, a professor of history at Birkbeck College, University of London, where he taught till the end of his life. Birkbeck is an evening college where most of the students belong to the working class and continue with studies to improve their educational qualifications. Conscious of the condition of students who attended his lectures after a hard day of physical labour, he devised lectures on the history of Europe to create emancipatory thought. His four books use history as a tool to comprehend present-day Europe. They are titled The Age of Capital, The Age of Industrial Revolution, The Age of Revolution and The Age of Extreme. Besides these four books, he has published a number of papers and essays that attempt to build a new historical consciousness. There are other progressive historians besides Hobsbawm who believe that history can be liberating if it is not written in the service of the rulers of the time. It is also not a static and depressing account of the past but is dynamic and constantly changing. While history tells the story of unjust rulers and the institutions they created, it also reveals how the rulers and their unjust institutions meet their end. The reign of absolute kingship where the king was considered the Viceregal God, brutal military dictatorships, and exploitative economic systems that lasted for centuries with the aim of torturing and subduing the common working people were all destroyed over time, especially when people joined forces and resisted them to gradually establish a just order.

Study of Collapsing Models in Theories of Gravity

In this thesis, collapsing models have been studied in different theories of gravitation. In particular, we have explored the Phenomenon of collapse in general theory of relativity, f(R) theory and f(R,G) theory. Firstly, we discuss the collapsing models in the framework of general theory of relativity. The collapsing model of charged anisotropic fluid with positive cosmological constant in four dimensions is addressed. It is noted that in the presence of electromagnetic field the collapsing rate is faster. When the fluid remains anisotropic and the electric field strength E0(t,r) vanishes, our investigations are in full agreement with the results obtained by Ahmad and Malik [59]. We also address five dimensional collapsing model with anisotropic pressure and positive cosmological constant and found exact analytic solutions to the field equations. We found that the area of cosmological horizon and black hole horizon has larger area in five dimensions than four dimensions. The shear-free gravitational collapse with heat flux is discussed by considering higher dimensional spherically symmetric spacetime as interior metric and higher dimensional Vaidya spacetime as exterior metric. The effects of dissipation on collapse are investigated. A simple approximate higher dimensional conformally flat model is proposed that satisfies the junction conditions. Temperature profile of the proposed model is also calculated. It is concluded that dissipation decreases the collapsing rate and temperature profile of the suggested model. We investigate higher dimensional spherically symmetric anisotropic collapsing solutions of the field equations, and to check the effects of higher dimensions on the density and pressures profile of the collapsing fluid. We have also studied the effects of higher dimensions on the dimensionless measure of an isotropy. Secondly, we study gravitational collapse of a perfect fluid in f(R) theory. We have solved the field equations by assuming linear equation of state (p = ωµ) with ω = −1. We have also discussed formation of apparent horizon and singularity. It is shown that singularity does not depend on the radial coordinate r, and is thus non central, that is, it can take place at all points simultaneously. The dynamics of spherical perfect fluid collapsing model with heat flux is investigated in f(R,G) gravity. For this purpose, we adopt the MisnerSharp formalism to construct the dynamical equations and drive transport equation. Furthermore, we examine the collapsing rate by coupling the transport and dynamical equations. It is noted that for constant f(R,G) model the collapsing rate reduces.
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