Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

7 ۔حدِارتداد

ردد کامعنی ہے کسی شےکالوٹنا ، مسلمان کا کفر کی طرف لوٹ جانا۔ اس حوالے سے ابن فارس لکھتے ہیں
الراء والدال أصلٌ واحدٌ مطّردٌ منقاس، وهو رَجْع الشَّيء. تقول: ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً. وسمِّي المرتدُّ لأنّه ردّ نفسَه إلى كُفْره.143
"مادہ " رَدَدَ " ہے اور اس معنی ہے کسی شے کا لوٹنا جیسے تو کہے ردَدْتُ الشَّيءَ أرُدُّه ردّاً میں نے فلان چیز کو لوٹا دیا اور مرتد کو مرتد اس لیے کہتے ہیں کہ وہ اپنے آپ کو کفر کی طرف لوٹا دیتا ہے ۔ "
اسلام سے پھر جانے کوارتداد کہتے ہیں، جیسا کہ ابن منظور کے نزدیک ارتداد
"وفي التنزيل من يرتدد منكم عن دينه والاسم الرِّدّة ومنه الردَّة عن الإِسلام أَي الرجوع عنه وارتدَّ فلان عن دينه إِذا كفر بعد إِسلامه۔"144
"اور قرآن مجید میں ہےمن يرتدد منكم عن دينه۔ ۔ ۔ الیٰ آ خرہ ۔ اور اسی سے ہے الردۃ عن الاسلام یعنی اسلام سے پھر جانا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے فلاں شخص مرتد ہو گیا جب کہ وہ اسلام سے کفر کی طرف پھر جائے ۔ "
ارتداد کے معنی اسلام قبول کر لینے کے بعد اسلام کو چھوڑ دینے اور اس کے خلاف بغاوت کرنے کے ہیں، جیسے امام راغب اصفہانی نے ارتداد سے متعلق تحریر کیا ہے
"والردۃ الرجوع فی الطریق الزی جاء منہ لکن الردۃتختص بالکفر والارتداد یستعمل فیہ وفی غیرہ۔" 145
"اس راستے پر پلٹنے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کوئی آیا ہو لیکن ردۃ کا لفظ کفر کی طرف ہی لوٹنا خاص ہے اور ارتداد عام ہے جو حالت کفر اور غیر دونوں کی طرف لوٹنے پر بولا جاتا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم :علاؤالدین کاسانی ؒ شرعی اصطلاح میں ارتداد کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
"فَالرُّجُوعُ عن الْإِيمَانِ يُسَمَّى رِدَّةً في عُرْفِ الشَّرْعِ۔ "146
"پس ایمان سے پلٹ جانے کو...

فقہی قاعدہ

The experts from various fields have maintained some rules and regulations in understanding and acquiring skills in this field of knowledge. This is due to their efforts which make very simple to understand it similarly the experts of ʽilm-ul-Fiqah i.e. Mujtahedyn and respected Fuqahāʼ have formulated some rules and regulations in the light of Qurʼan, Sunnah and decision act of companions of Muhammad (SAW) which also made it not only simple but it furnish skills and strategies in solving problems in field of Fiqah.

Dynamics of Bacterial Assisted Phytoremediation of Soil Contaminated by Quinolone Antibiotics

Recently there has been growing concern about public health and ecosystems due to the presence of trace quantities of quinolone antibiotics in the environment. These antibiotics enter the environment through irrigation by contaminated waste water, particularly in the areas that are arid or semi-arid. Another route of these antibiotics is the application of sludge and manure containing antibiotics as soil amendments on agricultural land. Once they enter the environment they can cause ecotoxic effect. In the current study, the concentration of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin in waste water and sludge were relatively higher than reported in many countries. To degrade the aforementioned antibiotics in agricultural soil, eight bacterial strains were isolated and characterized. The isolated bacterial strains possess multiple antibiotic resistance and degraded ciprofloxacin by whole cell activity. No DNA transformation were observed when naked DNA of the isolated bacterial strain were exposed to indigenous soil microbes. The isolated bacterial strains survived well under aerobic conditions in soil treated with ciprofloxacin at the concentration of 5 mg kg-1, 50 mg kg-1 and 100 mg kg-1. The quinolone antibiotics did not affect germination of wheat even at 400 mg L-1 concentration but the young wheat seedlings were sensitive to the antibiotics at relatively low concentrations (5 mg L-1). The toxicity of the quinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), levofloxacin (LEV), and a mixture (MIX) of the same were tested in a greenhouse study with wheat for 20 days. Antioxidants, which play a vital role in detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) during stress, were xxii also studied. The highest antibiotic concentrations, 100 and 300 mg L-1, significantly decreased plant growth and caused oxidative stress. The quinolone antibiotics ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), levofloxacin (LEV), and a mixture (MIX) in agricultural soil were readily sorbed when tested in agricultural soil. The antibiotics showed high sorption coefficient (Kd) values at low concentration and low Kd values at high concentrations, which means sorption was concentration dependent and time for sorption decreased with increasing concentrations. In both the individual and MIX treatment the order of sorption was CIP > ENR > LEV and for desorption it was LEV > ENR > CIP. In a bacterial assisted phytoremediation study, wheat was grown in greenhouse conditions in soil supplemented with CIP, ENR, and LEV at 5, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 in individual and MIX treatments. CIP, ENR and LEV accumulated in plant roots and shoots from soil and more accumulation was observed in roots. The order of accumulation in plant parts was LEV > ENR > CIP both in individual and MIX treatments. The pots having only plants enhanced the recovery of antibiotics from soil compared to those where there were only bacteria but greater degradation was observed where plants were grown in the presence of bacteria. CIP, ENR, and LEV were completely degraded in individual treatments at 5 and 50 mg kg-1 level in the presence of plants and bacteria after 30 days compared to the control. In the MIX treatment all three antibiotics were less degraded compared to individual treatments in the presence of plants and bacteria after 30 days because of the higher concentration of each antibiotic in the pots.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.