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صرع کے دوروں کا الزام

صرع کے دوروں کا الزام
مستشرقین اپنے مذموم عزائم کو برواکار لاتے ہوئے آپ ﷺ کو مصروع ثابت کرنے کے لیے چند واقعات کا سہارا لیتے ہیں جو ان کی ذہنی اختراع اور باطل تاویلات کا نتیجہ ہیں جبکہ ایسے واقعات دیگر مقدس ہستیوں کو بھی پیش آئے لیکن مستشرقین و منکرین سب کو چھوڑ کر صرف حضور ﷺ کے سر الزام دھرتے ہیں اور دوسری برگزیدہ شخصیات کا نام تک نہیں لیتے کیونکہ ایسا کرنے سے ان کی اپنی محبوب ہستیاں بھی زد میں آتی ہیں۔ وہ واقعات جن سے یہ مستشرقین آپ کو مصروع ہونے کی ناکام کوشش کرتے ہیں درج ذیل ہیں ۔
۱۔اسپرنگر حضرت آمنہ کے فرشتوں کو دیکھنے کو مرگی سے تعبیر کیا اور یہی مرض حضور کو ورثہ میں ملا‘ کا الزام دھر دیا ۔ علامہ محمد احسان الحق سیلمانی لکھتے ہیں کہ حضرت آمنہ ؓ ، حضور ﷺ کی والدہ ماجدہ نے اپنے رویا میں فرشتوں کو دیکھا جو انہیں احمد ﷺ کی خوشخبری دینے اور آپ کا نام مبارک تجویز کرنے آئے تھے ۔‘‘ سپرنگر نے کہا کہ فرشتوں نے کیا بشارت دینی تھی ، حقیقت میں حضرت آمنہ کو ضعف دماغ اور صرع کی بیماری تھی ۔ حضرت آمنہ ؓ تو فرشتوں کو دیکھے اور یہی کہے کہ یہ فرشتے ہیں لیکن مستشرقین اسے صرع کہتے ہیں ، عجیب منطق ہے۔ جو ساتھی آپ کے ساتھ مدت العمر رہے انہوں نے کسی موقع پر بھی مصروع نہیں کہا ۔ یہ سب کچھ پیغمبر اسلام اور آپ کے گھرانہ کی شان گھٹاناچاہتے ہیں(۲) دوسرا واقعہ یہ ہے کہ آپ ﷺ اپنے بچپن میں اپنے رضاعی بہن بھائیوں کے ساتھ بکریاں چرانے گئے کہ آپ کا رضاعی بھائی اپنے والدین کے پاس دوڑتا ہوا آیا کہ دو سفید پوش مردوں نے میرے قریشی بھائی کا لٹا کر اس کا...

The Shift of Power from the Public Representatives to the Bureaucratic and Military Elite: Case Study of the First Decade of Pakistan

A combination of military coups with irregular intervals and failed democratic governments has underpinned Pakistan’s chronic instability. This paper explores the impediments in the path of democracy in Pakistan caused by the entanglement of institutions. The basic democratic principles, on which the movement for the creation of Pakistan was launched and succeeded, were lost within the first decade of independence. Several scholars hold that the people of Pakistan got liberated from the British and Hindu majority to be enslaved by socio-political and military elite. The failure of politicians in devising a viable political system resulted in the bureaucratic-military nexus as they made every effort to curb parliamentary politics. Musical chair game of power became the norm of the day which resulted in the decay of democracy and other institutions. Unlike its counterpart, Indian National Congress, Muslim League due to weak and loose political organization, failed miserably in areas constituting Pakistan which prevented it in playing a consolidating role. Moreover, the threats from India and Afghanistan forced the political leadership to invest heavily in security to deter Indian and Afghan threats. In fact, it was the imbalance between the civil and military components of the state, which became the key reason behind the political chaos in Pakistan during its first decade. The Army emerged as an overwhelming force overpowering all other institutions in the country. Democratic ideals such as rule of people through their representatives, fair representation and provincial autonomy, pronounced in the 1940 Lahore Resolution, were soon forgotten. Weak democratic forces could not compete with the skilled bureaucracy and a powerful army. Such chaotic conditions proved instrumental in leading to the proclamation of the first Martial Law in Pakistan

Exploring the Early Childhood Education Teachers’ and Grade I Teachers’ Perceptions Regarding School Readiness for Children’S Transition to Primary School: A Quantitative Study in the Context of Private Schools in Karachi

Early childhood years are significant for the development of young children and for later life. Children’s school readiness is an integral part for their holistic development consisting of physical well-being, social and emotional development, cognitive and language skills, understanding of the world, mathematical skills, and creative arts and so on. Given the scarcity of empirical studies on early years of children’s school readiness transitioning to primary education globally and specifically in the context of Pakistan, this study sought to explore early childhood education (ECE) and grade I teachers’ perceptions regarding school readiness for children’s transition to private schools across Karachi, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey was carried out within the quantitative research paradigm. A total of 275 (162 ECE and 113 grade I) teachers selected through stratified random sampling technique, participated in the study. To fulfill the purpose of the study, a contextually relevant tool was developed, based on six key learning areas stated in the National Curriculum for Early Childhood Education (NC for ECE) 2017 for school readiness. A descriptive analysis was employed and the non-parametric ‘Mann Whitney U test’ was applied to explore the differences or similarities between the ECE and grade I teachers’ perceptions. The findings of the study reveal that both ECE and grade I teachers highly regarded all the competencies stated in NC for ECE 2017, as fundamental for young children’s school readiness. The results of the comparisons between these two groups of teachers were not significant for all six key learning areas. Whereas one comparison was significant (p = < 0.014) for the competency within Basic Mathematical Concepts i.e. number operations. This implies that grade I teachers regarded number operations more important for children starting grade I as compared to ECE teachers. The results of the study show that the similarities and differences in teachers’ perceptions suggest that opportunity must be provided to ECE and primary teachers to meet together to discuss the NC for ECCE for its effective use and also for the vertical alignment of curriculum. The study recommends further research in this area, especially qualitative inquiry for an in-depth understanding of school readiness, its opportunities and perceived challenges in the context of private schools in Karachi, Pakistan.
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