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اردو کے نامور محققین (حافظ محمود شیرانی)

اردو کے نامور محققین(پروفیسر حافظ محمود خان شیرانی)
پروفیسر حافظ محمود شیرانی ادب کے مورخ اور محقق ہونے کے علاوہ عتیقیات کے بھی منفرد ماہر تھے۔ علم سکہ شناسی، کتبہ شناسی، مہر شناسی، تصویر شناسی، قدیم کاغذ، روشنائی، آرائش، نقش ونگار اور علم خط میں مہارت کی وجہ سے تصنیفات کے تاریخی مغالطوں کو کامیابی سے دور کرنے میں ید طولی رکھتے تھے۔پروفیسر شیرانی کی تین حیثیتیں نمایاں تھیں؛استاد،مورخ اور محقق حافظ محمود خان شیرانی کی پیدائش 5 اکتوبر 1880ء کو ہوئی جبکہ آپ کی وفات 14 فروری 1947ء کو ہوئی۔وہ معروف رومانوی شاعر اختر شیرانی کے والد تھے۔۔ انہوں نے اسلامیہ کالج لاہور اور اورینٹل کالج لاہور میں اردو کی تدریس کی۔ ان کے وفات کے بعد شائع ہونے والے مقالے مقالاتِ حافظ محمود شیرانی میں ان کے فرزند لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض اوقات علامہ اقبال بھی ان سے بعض اصلاحات کے متعلق دریافت کیا کرتے تھے۔ ان کی وفات ٹونک میں ہی ہوئی ان کے خاندان والے تقسیم ہند کے بعد پاکستان چلے آئے۔آپ زیادہ تر انگلستان میں رہے اور مشہور ناشر لیوزک کے ہاں نوادر و عتیقیات کے مبصر کے طور پر کام کرتے رہے۔اسی زمانے میں انہوں نے عتیقیات کی نباضی سیکھی اور وہ نظر حاصل کی جو کسی اعلی فن شناس کو عطا ہوتی ہے۔
ان کا علمی کام زیادہ تر تحقیق زبان اور تحقیق واقعات سے متعلق ہے۔ انہیں سب سے زیادہ شہرت دو موضوعات کی بنا پر حاصل ہوئی؛ اول تنقید شعرالعجم سے، دوم پنجاب میں اردو کی وجہ سے۔تنقید شعرالعجم میں درحقیقت ساری فارسی شاعری کی ایک بے قاعدہ تاریخ آگئی ہے۔ حافظ شیرانی نیگہرے مطالعے سے 'شاہ نامہ فردوسی' اور 'محمود غزنوی' کے بارے میں صدیوں سے پائی جانے والی غلط فہمیوں کو دور کیا۔حافظ شیرانی نے خارجی شواہد کے علاوہ داخلی شہادت کے طریقے سے دیوان حسن،...

The Risk of Developing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Integrated Health Care System of Pakistan-A Meta-Analysis

Studies regarding the prevalence of CLABSIs in Pakistan are limited. However, it is known that healthcare-associated infections are a concern in many low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan. The present study is aimed to identify the relative risk of developing CLABSIs in the hospital care setups of Pakistan. The risk of biases in included studies was assessed using Cochrane tool parameters. Analysis of results revealed a relative risk of getting CLABSIs is 1.78 (p<0.001) among patients admitted in the hospitals for greater than 72 hours. This shows that the chances of getting infected at the central line site were more than 50% among patients admitted to ICUs in Pakistan. It has been concluded that the relative risk of CLABSIs in the integrated healthcare system of Pakistan is high.   DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/003  

High Efficency isolated DC-DC boots converter for Renewable energy Appliction { BS Project]

A huge amount of electrical energy in Pakistan is lost due to inefficient generation and distribution of power. [13] This project aims to address a very specific problem in this regard which is the energy conversion losses in power converters used with systems of renewable energy generation. The main problem that is being looked into is how the efficiency of an Isolated DC-DC Boost Converter can be improved. Addressing this issue helps in making effective use of renewable energy sources which in turn helps in reducing the energy deficit. To improve upon the design of an Isolated DC-DC Boost converter, it is imperative that first an in-depth study of the already existing designs be carried out. A detailed literature review helped in identifying areas that can be worked upon to increase efficiency. The major losses that occur in an isolated converter come from core and copper losses in its high frequency (HF) magnetic components that are the inductor and transformer. Apart from that, MOSFET losses and diode rectifying losses are also quite significant if chosen poorly. Hence, to increase efficiency, the most important part is an optimized design of HF components, careful selection when it comes to MOSFETs and diodes and finally selecting an appropriate converter topology. Increasing efficiency of HF magnetic components needs a rigorous analysis of design methodologies used to implement them. It was identified that some of the main factors involved in that were core material and geometry and its winding methodology.The killer for inductor and transformer are the leakage inductance and AC resistance which occur due to proximity and skin effect. It was identified that the main losses occur due to the winding method and the type of copper winding geometry. After an in-depth study and comparison between different winding types and methods, it was realized that copper foils help in reducing skin-depth effect and interleaving the windings would help in dealing with proximity effect. Interleaving is when primary windings of the transformer are sandwiched between secondary windings. To validate this design, first a theoretical analysis was carried out after which this design was implemented xi and tested in the lab where significantly low AC resistance and leakage inductance was observed.The major challenges in this project in the design phase were to identify methods for inductor and transformer construction. For transformer design, from analysis it wasdecided to implement interleaved windings but it was challenging to understand how the windings will terminate and physically implementing the windings without any gaps in etween. An unexpected challenge during transformer implementation was soldering the winding terminals using a high wattage soldering iron. This was because the solder has to be minimal to avoid any bumps. Another tight spot faced was while procuring material for the project as most of the required components were not available locally and that led to slight delays in the implementation phase. The converter proposed after the design and analysis has a theoretical efficiency of 97%. There can be a huge impact in utilizing renewable energy effectively if a practical use of this converter is carried out. However, to validate this research, the next step would be to implement the proposed device and computing its actual efficiency. Careful and precise implementation of the design can potentially achieve the calculated efficiency because of the design considerations taken into account. This can then be taken forward to local stakeholders such as the Alternate Energy Development Board (AEDB) as using locally designed and implemented converter will have a significant impact on the cost and benefit breakdown of sustainable energy projects being deployed
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