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حقوقِ انسانی کا اسلامی تصور

حقوق انسانی کا اسلامی تصور
ہر مذہب میں حقوقِ انسانی پر اپنے اپنے طریقہ کار کے تحت زور دیا گیا ہے، دنیا کے تمام مذاہب کسی نہ کسی طور پر حقوق انسانی کا پرچار کرتے ہیں ،حقوقِ انسانی کو اسلام میں جو اہمیت دی گئی ہے اس کا کوئی تصور اس سے قبل کسی شریعت یا معاشرے میں نہ تھا۔ اسلامی شریعت اس کی تلخیص کچھ یوں پیش کرتی ہے ’’ در دل کے واسطے پیدا کیا انسان کو‘‘ اگر کوئی محتاج ہو تو اس کی احتیاج دور کرنا ، اگر کوئی بیمار ہے تو اس کی عیادت کرنا، بیواؤں کی سر پرستی ،یتیموں کی پرورش، مجبورو معذور افراد کی دستگیری ، ان پڑھ لوگوں کی تعلیم کا انتظام ایسے ہمہ قسم انتظامات اور معاملات اسلامی شریعت میں بہترین عبادت کا درجہ رکھتے ہیں۔ اسلامی شریعت میں یہ تاکید ہے کہ کوئی ہمسایہ بھوکا نہ ر ہے، اگر خود پیٹ بھر کر کھا لیا اور پڑوسی بھوکا رہ گیا تویہ کھا نا ناجائز ہوگا۔
انسان کے حقوق کی ادائیگی اور ہر لحاظ سے انسانوں کا احترام کرنا اور ان کی عزت کا خیال رکھنا، اسلامی تعلیمات اس سے معمور ہیں۔ جو انسان حقوق العباد کی ادائیگی کے منصب رفیعہ پر متمکّن ہوتے ہیں وہ آسمانِ عظمت و رفعت پر آفتاب نصف النہار کی طرح چمکتے ہیں۔ یہ وہ انسان ہوتے ہیں کہ جو اپنے آرام و آسائش کو چھوڑتے ہیں اور بہ کمال ایثار دوسروں کے کام آتے ہیں۔ ایسے ایثار اور محب انسان و انسانیت لوگوں کو اسلام ِارفع مقام عطا فرماتا ہے اور ان کی رفعت وعظمت کا ذمہ دار ہوتا ہے۔ اگر ہم کو اپنے ماحول اور اپنے معاشرے میں غربت و جہالت ملتی ہے اور معاشرے میں ہم دیکھتے ہیں کہ ضرورت مند اور یتیم ومحتا ج موجود ہیں، اگر ہماری نگاہیں بداخلاقیوں...

Harmony and Peace Education in Pakistan: Focus on Pctb Textbooks of History and Pakistan Studies

Textbooks produce specific minds so are believed the best way to promote peace and harmony in a society. Policymakers draw ideological lines for specific goals and educate the coming generations through the contents of the textbooks. Whatever agenda a nation has, peace and social harmony cannot be compromised so syllabi mean to promote nationalism along with integration. Although history and social studies textbooks address coexistence and tolerance but even then many writers share their reservations about some points. K K Aziz (1993) in Pakistan castigated the governments and the textbook authors on ‘distortion’ of the historical events and deleting important segments of history from the syllabi. Mariam Chughtai shared her reservation regarding the textbooks being published in Pakistan. Romila Thapar in India raised objections against the BJP government’s effort of ‘religionising the syllabi’ and tried her best to introduce non-communal approach based on social harmony in the textbooks while writing history books but her effort remained a mere desire because the ‘religiously’ extremist political party occupying the main corridor of the national government and having no compatibility with her ideas refused to accept the undisputed historical facts. Dr. Mubarak Ali opined while writing on the textbooks that ‘defective textbooks create a defective mindset. Ideology limits people from acquiring new knowledge in order to understand the fast changing world’ (Dawn, April 16, 2016). ‘National History’ reflects national point of view to produce a generation who represents some specific land, culture, religion, political ideology, art and social ethics. Children are taught to grow with their own culture, religion and social norms. This study finds that syllabus of the subjects of History and Pakistan Studies produced by the Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB) aims at educating the ‘national interpretation of history along with respect for other religious groups’ to the posterity therefore no gaps seem in the textbooks of History and Pakistan Studies. Criticism arises mostly on the old textbooks while the PCTB had revised the textbooks massively and all the historical periods including Indus Valley Civilization, ancient India, Sikh rule, etc. Are being taught at the school and college level. The ‘history textbook’ is not a ‘history’ rather it offers interpretation of the historical events. This article further pinpoints some issues such as communal interpretations in the British India, space in the textbooks, administrative, social, political and religious narrations, and the undeniable position on nationalism and patriotism which cannot be overlooked. The textbooks are playing their role in promoting social harmony and this policy has resulted in a coexistence, tolerance and peace in the society.

Growth Inhibition, Toxic and Repellent Effect of Some Indigenous Plant Materials Against Pulse Beetle, Callosobruchus Chinesis L. Coleoptera: Bruchidae in D. I. Khan

The present research work was carried out in Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan during 2011-14. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with five replications to determine growth inhibition, toxic and repellent effect of some indigenous plant materials against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed and leaf, bakain (Melia azedarach) seed, turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizome, tumha (Citrullus colocynthis) fruit, kaner (Nerium oleander) leaf, harmal (Peganum harmala) and panir (Withania coagulans) seed were evaluated at the application rate of 3.0% in different formulations. The most effective plant material in each experiment was further evaluated using different concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 0.025% for optimum control of the pest. Neem seed powder exhibited significantly highest oviposition deterrence (91.27%), adult inhibition (99.25%) and repellency (67.02%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this powder showed significantly lowest damage (0.49%) and weight loss (0.26%). Bakain seed powder caused maximum (20.24%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours of exposure time. Studies on efficacy of different concentrations of neem seed powder showed that it effectively inhibited oviposition and adult emergence of the pest up to 0.4% concentration, showing optimum oviposition deterrence (51.20%), adult inhibition (80.62%) and significantly lowest (21.41 and 8.64%) damage and weight loss of chickpea grains compared to control. The same powder provided optimum (51.36%) repellency at 2.0% concentration. Among aqueous extracts, bakain seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (61.25%) and adult inhibition (77.40%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this extract showed lowest damage (41.80%) and weight loss (12.85%) compared to control. The same extract caused maximum (47.21 and 44.70%) mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment and topical application respectively. Aqueous extracts of neem seed and leaf exhibited maximum (22.88 and 22.81%) repellency against the pest. The results further depicted that bakain seed extract retained antiovipositional and adult inhibition activity up to 2.0% concentration and provided optimum oviposition deterrence (52.53%), adult inhibition (67.91%), lowest grain damage (42.90%) and weight loss (13.02%) compared to control. However, this extract could not show prominent toxicity at lower concentrations. A gradual decrease in its efficacy was observed with a decrease in its concentration. Methanolic extract of neem leaf provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (72.34%), adult inhibition (80.13%), lowest damage (26.53%) and weight loss (8.70%) of chickpea grains. The same extract provided 10.75, 14.58 and 5.49% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. Harmal seed extract showed maximum (48.28%) repellency against the pest. All the tested concentrations of neem leaf extract were effective against the pest. However, it provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.47%) and adult inhibition (68.41%) at 0.1% concentration. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly less damage (29.77%) and weight loss (9.69%) compared to control. While harmal seed extract could not retain repellency at lower concentrations and exhibited 47.03, 41.93, 34.73, 27.24 and 14.53% repellency at 2.5, 2.0, 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5% concentrations respectively. Acetone extract of neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (84.11%), adult inhibition (99.40%), lowest damage (1.46%) and weight loss (0.75%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited significantly highest (67.88%) repellency against the pest. Topical application of panir and neem seed extracts caused 17.82 and 13.14% mortality of adult insects respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.2%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (53.99%), adult inhibition (54.06%), lowest damage (27.32%) and weight loss (9.23%) of chickpea grains, while bakain seed extract exhibited optimum (51.25%) repellency at 1.0% concentration. Among hexane extracts of different plant materials, neem seed provided significantly highest oviposition deterrence (93.34%), adult inhibition (98.36%) and repellency (77.43%) against the pest. The grains treated with this extract showed significantly lowest (11.64 and 0.20%) damage and weight loss respectively. Turmeric rhizome extract caused 16.88, 22.23 and 10.07% mortality of the pest after 72 hours by grain treatment, topical application and filter paper treatment respectively. The effective threshold concentration of neem seed extract was 0.1%, which provided optimum oviposition deterrence (51.40%), adult inhibition (52.46%) and repellency (50.06%) against the pest. Chickpea grains treated with this concentration showed significantly lowest damage (27.49%) and weight loss (9.80%) compared to control. On the basis of aforementioned results, it is concluded that neem seed powder, aqueous extract of bakain seed, methanolic extract of neem leaf, acetone extracts of neem and bakain seed, while hexane extract of neem seed were highly effective against the pest. These plant products can successfully be used in the management of pulse beetle (C. chinensis) during storage of chickpea grains.
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