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الفهارس

الفهارس
الفهارس أ‌
كلمة المُراجع (التقريظ) ج‌
التقريظ (2) خ‌
كلمة الشكر و التقدیر ذ‌
المقدمة ص‌
تمهيد ق‌
الباب الأول: المقارنة بین عصر نازك الملائكة وعصر 1
الفصل الأول: ما هو الأدب المقارن ؟ 3
المبحث الأول: بداية الشعر الحر 5
المبحث الثاني: حقيقة الشعر الحر 6
المبحث الثالث:هل الشعر الحر نوعٌ من النثر؟ 7
المبحث الرابع:بعض شعراء العصر الجديد 8
المبحث الخامس: إتفاق الشعراء حول نازك الملائكة 13
الفصل الثانی: الشعر الجديد في شبة القارۃ الهندية 16
المبحث الأول: الأدب النسائي 18
المبحث الثاني: الشاعرات الباکستانيات في اللغات الباكستانية المختلفة 21
المبحث الثالث: الأدب النسائي في اللغة الأردية 23
المبحث الرابع: أهم الشاعرات في اللغة الأردية بعد قيام باكستان 24
المبحث الخامس الأدب النسائي والعهد الحاضر 27
المبحث السادس: الغزل وبروين شاکر 29
النتائج 31
الباب الثاني: الشاعرۃ نازك الملائکۃ 33
الفصل الأول: نازک الملائكة رائدة الشعر العربي الحُر الشاعرۃ الحزينة 35
المبحث الأول: مولدها ونشأتها 35
المبحث الثاني: سبب تسميتها بنازك الملائكة 36
المبحث الثالث: ثقافتها 37
المبحث الرابع: تعليمها 38
المبحث الخامس: زواجها 39
المبحث السادس: مرضها ووفاتها 40
الفصل الثانی: أسلوب نازك الملائكة وأهم دواوينها 41
المبحث الأول: ممیزات أشعار نازك الملائکۃ 41
المبحث الثاني: مأساۃ الحياۃ وأغنية للإنسان 42
المبحث الثالث: أهم مؤلفاتها 45
المبحث الرابع: دواوين نازك الملائكة بالترتيب 47
المبحث الخامس: بدايةالنظم عند نازك الملائكة 51
المبحث السادس: تعريف الشعر الحر وإلیٰ من تنتسب ريادة الشعر الحر؟ 53
المبحث السابع:قصيدة بديع حقي 54
النتائج 56
الباب الثالث: الشاعرة المعروفة بروين شاکر 57
الفصل الأول: بروين شاکر من أعظم الشاعرات في الباکستان 59
المبحث الأول: أصلها ونسبها 59
المبحث الثاني: زواجها 62
المبحث الثالث: طلاقها 64
المبحث الرابع: شعرها 66
المبحث الخامس: شخصيتها 67
المبحث السادس: وفاتها 68
الفصل الثاني: دواوينها...

Pesantren Virtual: Dinamisasi atau Disrupsi Pesantren?

The industrial revolution that penetrated the world of education forced Islamic boarding schools (Pesantren), as part of education, to mutate in new form to find the ideal format as an adaptive step to keep up to date. Pesantren which have a cultural base of traditional society make various efforts to make acculturation with technology. The efforts of these pesantren can be seen from the number of pesantren websites, which provide information about pesantren and religious programs online. On the other hand, virtual pesantren have also emerged, which do not have a real pesantren institutional base in the community, using online media as an operational base. Some of these virtual Islamic boarding schools have strong buildings in cyberspace, with a wider reach than Islamic boarding schools. Its flexible and open nature makes virtual pesantren have their own community in cyberspace. Furthermore, problems arise when virtual Islamic boarding schools intersect with conventional Pesantren in cyberspace. This research is a library research that uses printed and online media as data sources. This study aims to find differences in the characteristics of virtual pesantren, and their relationship with the dynamics of pesantren in the era 4.0. From the content analysis conducted at several virtual pesantren, it was found that some of them used the same name as real pesantren, thus creating ambiguity of virtual pesantren

Taxonomic and Nutritive Validation of Fodder Grasses of Central Punjab, Pakistan

The grasses have acquired a sufficient scientific attention and belong to largest plant family (Poaceae). The world’s dry land is enclosed about one-third by the Poaceae members and a great number of people rely profoundly on cereal grasses. Moreover this is predominantly true for the grasses that they are the part of exclusive animal feed as well. Fertile plain of Central Punjab Pakistan is rich with fodder grasses and from centuries the local inhabitants of this area have been using their regional grasses for ruminant feeding. However little or no information was available about the nutritional potential of these ethnobotanically used grasses. Moreover grasses always faced difficulties in identification because of their more or less identical leaf shapes, indefinite variations in stem branching pattern and reduced floral parts. Hence this study took an initiative to establish a nutritive data bank of these ethnobotanically used fodder grasses along with provision of taxonomically viable tools for their identification.Data regarding ethnobotanically used grass fodder species was collected by using snowball technique to identify key informants, whereas semistructured questionnaires, face-to-face interviews and site visits were used for describing the fodder grasses. For taxonomic evaluation classical taxonomic parameters (morphological, anatomical and palynological) were employed. In order to develop a nutritional profile proximate analysis (moisture, dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude proteins, fats, neutral and acid detergent fibre, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose) and anti-nutritional analysis (total phenols, total tannins, condensed tannins) in combination to mineral and digestibility analysis were determined. Besides their nutritional evaluation, the legitimacy of ethnobotanical knowledge of local inhabitants of Central Punjab Pakistan about these fodder grasses was also verified. Data analysis was done by using SPSS 22 software. This software was used for descriptive statistics and interpretation of associations among studied parameters. Microsoft Excel was used to present data as % values and graphs. Overall results reported 53 fodder grasses which were grouped into high (A), medium (B) and low priority (C) groups. Group A grasses were reported as not only the most abundant but also the most palatable forages to all types of ruminants. Taxonomic data provided some valuable identification tools whereas nutritional results suggested that majority (77%) of these fodder grasses can be regarded as good quality fodders because of their high protein (up to 169g/kg) and digestible nutrients with low fibre (≤ 601.65g/kg), lignin (≤ 50.24 g/kg) and anti-nutrients (total phenols ≤ 87.32 g/kg, total tannins ≤ 77.81 g/kg, condensed tannins ≤ 61.23 g/kg). A positive relationship was identified between ethnobotanical knowledge and nutritional results for certain fodder grasses. Spearman correlation showed that ranking of species based on ethnobotanical preferences was highly correlated with the laboratory results of individual grass species with ‘r’ values for CP (0.85), NDF (-0.76), ADF (-0.72) and ADL (-0.62). The resilient complementarities between ethnobotanical preferences and nutritive analysis suggested the incorporation of these ethnobotanically used fodders into modern ruminant feeding system. These findings are significant for appropriate fodder selection and development of supplements for the sustainable and economically viable livestock industry.
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