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اردو کے ادبی اور تحقیقی رسائل و جرائد کا تعارف

اردو کے ادبی اور تحقیقی رسائل و جرائد کا تعارف

رسالہ کسے کہتے ہیں؟

رسالہ ان مطبوعات کو کہتے ہیں  جو وقفے وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ رسالے کو مجلہ یا جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔کچھ رسائل پندرہ روزہ ، ماہانہ ، دوماہی، سہ ماہی، ششماہی اور سالانہ ہوتے ہیں۔تحقیقی وادبی رسائل اپنے عہد کے تخلیقی سفر کے اہم ترین دستاویزات شمار ہوتے ہیں۔جہاں وہ ایک طرف اہل قلم کے نگار شات سے قارئین کو استفادہ کا موقع دیتے ہیں۔ وہاں ناقدین ، مؤرخین اور محققین کے لیے بھی ایسا مواد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ جس سے کسی مخصوص عہد کے ادبی و تحقیقی رجحانات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔

اردو زبان وادب کے ارتقا میں ادبی  و تحقیقی رسائل نے ہمیشہ بنیادی کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ادبی رسائل عوام کی ذہنی تربیت میں ایک مؤثر اور فعال کے قوت کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں۔آج کا ادب جب ماضی کا حصہ بن جاتا ہے۔ تو ادبی رسالہ ہی اس خزینے کو تحفظ عطا  کرتاہے۔ اور یہ تنقید و تحقیق کے لیے بنیادی ماخذ کی حیثیت اختیار کرجاتاہے۔

رسائل کی اقسام :

Revelation in Hinduism: A Muslim Reading

Hinduism has been viewed by Semitic religions as a religion devoid of revelation. Early, Medieval and modem Muslim and Christian writings have often portrayed Hinduism as pagan even satanic while Hindus for millennia have claimed to be divinely revealed. Is Hinduism really a revealed religion and if so, what kind of a revelation does it have? In what manner does the divine reveal himself and who are the recipients of this revelation? To what extent is this concept different from ours? Does the process of revelation continue or has it been discontinued? These are some of the more significant questions that this article shall engage with. It clarifies that Hindus have books which they consider revealed and look upon much as Muslims look upon their Qur’an. The most significant of these among a majority of the Hindus are called the Vedas, literally, knowledge. It goes on to introduce the Vedas with respect to their various parts and content, what Hindus largely believe about it and how they ensured its preservation and safe transmission to later generations through various intricate and elaborate memorization techniques. The article highlights the importance of rishl, the recipients of these revelations, their kinds, characteristics and role in the process of revelation. The article contends that there is much in common between Rishland Semitic prophets with respect to their characteristics but that the similarities do not end here. Rather there is much more common ground to be explored with respect to revelation and its contents and its conveyors than meets the eye.

Estimation of Saturation Flow and Lost Time at Selected Signalized Intersections of Karachi Pakistan

Due to rapid increase in car ownership and other related factors we often experience traffic Jam at intersections with formation of long queues. This is a common phenomenon in major cities of Pakistan. In order to solve this problem it is necessary to review the traffic signal setting. For a particular junction cycle time is an important parameter to minimize delay which ultimately causes formation of long queues and accidents. The most important factors in determining the optimum cycle time is saturation flow and lost time. Direct measurement of saturation flow is obviously desirable to achieve satisfactory results, but in case of new intersection, results from measurements of saturation flow are being estimated from the work of previous researchers. In case of Pakistan where no standard value of saturation flow and lost time are available pertaining to local traffic condition, values used in developed countries are being applied resulting in non achievement of optimum cycle time. This thesis describes experimental research which is carried out for estimating the saturation flow and lost time under local conditions of Karachi. Data was collected by video recording of traffic flow at eighteen (18) signalized intersections along two major arterials, namely Shahra-e-Faisal and M.A. Jinnah Road, of Karachi city. Recorded data was analyzed in laboratory to retrieve the information on the headway of all the vehicles in saturated cycles. The analysis of PCU values were carried out by comparing the average car headway with the average headway other vehicle type. Different studies show a great deal of variations in saturation flow rates and start-up lost times. This indicates a lack of stability. This is acknowledged in the HCM. Due to these instabilities, the HCM recommends that local data collection be performed to produce more accurate estimates of local saturation flow rates and start-up lost times. It is a known fact that there are close relationships between intersection characteristics and saturation flow. Empirical relationships have been developed for estimation of saturation flow and lost time for many countries such as Great Britain, Australia, U.S.A, Bangkok, Malaysia, India and Bangladesh etc but such relationship not developed for Pakistan as yet. vAn effort has been made in this research to derive empirical relationship between intersection characteristics (approach width) and saturation flow. Appropriate PCU values as per local traffic conditions have been calculated for saturation flow estimation. This is for the first time in Pakistan that such values, based on local traffic, has been calculated. In this thesis, an effort has been made to establish relationship between saturation flow and approach width and comparison of the results of has been carried out with previous work done. The major focus of this thesis is on measurement of departure headways at selected signalized intersections in Karachi (Pakistan) and to gather as much basic information as possible which can be used in the analysis of the collected data as required in the thesis. As outcome of the research, relationship has been established, through predictive models, for the estimation of saturation flow in Pakistan. The results obtained have a very practical application potential in Karachi and in urban areas of similar traffic characteristics.
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