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آئو وطن آباد کریں

آئو وطن آباد کر یں
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’آؤوطن آباد کر یں‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
وطن کی محبت ایمان سے ہے، وطن سے والہانہ عقیدت ایمان کا حصہ ہے، وطن ہے تو ہم ہیں ، وطن ہے تو ہمارا وجود قائم ہے، وطن کی خوشبو سے ہمارے دماغ معطر رہتے ہیں،وطن کے صحرودر یا ہمارا سرمایہ ہیں، وطن کے شجر وحجر ہمارا اثاثہ ہیں۔
محترم صدر!
اگر یہ الفاظ ہم دِل کی اتھاہ گہرائیوں سے کہتے ہیں، تو ہم قابلِ فخر ہیں، ہماری حیات کی ساعتیں قابلِ صد مبارکباد ہیں، ہمارے وطن کے بارے میں تصورات یقینا صائب ہیں، ہماری محبت واقعی وطن کے لیے حقیقی ہے، ہمارا خیال اپنی سرزمین کے لیے واقعی طلسماتی اور کرشماتی ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
وطن سے محبت اور وطن کی آبادکاری دماغ کے سوچنے کانام ہیں، وطن کی تعمیر صرف زبان کے اظہار کا نام نہیں ،وطن کے گلشن کی تز ئین صرف جسم کی حرکات کا نام نہیں ، وطن سے محبت اور پیار صرف قول و قرار کانام نہیں۔
معزز سامعین!
وطن سے محبت کرنی ہے تو وطن کے افراد سے محبت کرنا ہوگی ، وطن کے در و دیوار سے محبت کرنا ہوگی ، وطن کے نقصان کو اپنا نقصان سمجھنا ہوگا ، وطن کے مفاد کو اپنے مفادات پر ترجیح دینا ہوگی ، وطن کی تعمیر میں لاثانی اور مثالی کردار ادا کرنا ہو گا کیوں کہ وطن ہی ہماری آن ہے، وطن سے ہماری شان ہے وطن ہے تو ہم ہیں وطن نہیں ہے تو ہم بھی نہیں ہیں کیونکہ یہی وطن ہی تو ہماری شناخت ہے۔
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Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response: A Secondary Analysis of Nepal’s Efforts

This paper presents Nepal’s experience regarding perinatal death surveillance and the country’s response in reducing preventable perinatal deaths. In developing this paper, evidence of perinatal mortality in Nepal is brought from secondary sources, mainly the assessment report of Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) system. As of 2019, this initiative has been implemented in 77 hospitals across Nepal. Challenges and barriers in implementing the MPDSR system need to be brought to attention, as the system is being scaled up to 110 hospitals. Data from the Perinatal Death Review revealed that 72% of the maternal deaths occurred during the post-partum period, due to (i) post-partum haemorrhage, (ii) hypertensive disorder, (iii) pregnancy-related infections, and (iv) non-obstetric causes. In 70% of the cases such deaths could have been prevented. Majority of perinatal deaths, at 71%, were stillbirths, mainly due to low child weight of less than 2500 grams. In conclusion, there is urgent need for the national guidelines for MPDSR system to be amended, additional and continued training provision to the health workforce, improvement in the coordination and feedback mechanism, and strengthening of the information management system

Characterization of Ligninolytic Microbial Consortia and Analysis of Recalcitrant Structural Properties of Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass

The aims of this dissertation was to evaluate chemical and biological treatment methods to remove and degrade lignin from agriculture waste biomass for increasing the yield of biogas and biohydrogen. In chemical treatment approach, three alkali reagents at various dosages: NaOH (1-5%), KOH (1-5%), and Ca(OH)2 (0.5%) and three different heating processes, water bath, autoclave and short time microwave were tested for 10 different agriculture substrate. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images showed visible degradation on the alkalies treated surface of biomass as compared to the untreated biomass. Additionally, disapperance and emergence of new peaks were observed in treated substrates using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Microwave heating with 2% NaOH treated substrates showed more total biogas yield as compared to other treatment conditions. The Ca(OH)2 (0.5%) soaking of corn cob for 7, 15, and 30 days incubation was tested. The highest cumulative biogas was 360.5 NmL/gVS, 3-times higher than the cumulative biogas produced from the untreated corn cob 115.1 NmL/gVS. For biological treatment of waste material, 27 ligninolytic bacteria were isolated from soil, wood compost, and waste sludge. Seven of the most active strains were selected. The optimum yields of lignin peroxidase and laccase were achieved at pH 3-5. The co-cultures demonstrated 2.5 times more rice straw lignin degradation than using single culture. Likewise, the greatest enhancements of cumulative methane yield (70-76%) occurred from co-cultures treated rice straw as compared to individual culture. To produce biohydrogen and biomethane separatly in batch fermentation, 20 ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains were isolated from granular sludge of full scale anaerobic digester. Among them, four ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains were selected based on their lignin and Azure B degradation. Brevibacillus agri AN-3 exhibited the highest decrease in COD (88.4%) of lignin and (78.1%) of Azure B. Brevibacillus agri AN-3 showed hydrogen (H2) yield of 1.34 and 2.9 mol-H2/mol from xylose and cellulose respectively. In two-phase wheat straw batch fermentation, Brevibacillus agri AN-3 produced 72.5 and 125.5 NmL/gVS cumulative H2 and methane (CH4) respectively. It was perceived that using ligninolytic Bacillus sp. strains, 48.6% more methane yield could be obtained xx from the wheat straw than using the untreated wheat straw in batch fermentation. A consolidating bioprocessing of recombinantecombinantecombinant ecombinant ecombinant NeurosporaNeurosporaNeurospora NeurosporaNeurospora crassa F5 strain was used for saccharification of wheat straw (WS) to increase the biogas production. The WS was pretreated with 2% NaOH followed by 2,4, and 6 days hydrolysis with N. cN. c N. crassa F5 strain at 28±1℃ and 200 rpm using 0.5 g/L glucose in Vogel media. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed a visible change on the surface structure of the pretreated WS as compared to the untreated WS. The 2,4 and 6 days N. crassa F5 saccharified WS was used for biomethane potential (BMP) analysis using automatic methane potential testing system (AMPTS). A maximum cumulative biogas of 700.8 mL/gVS was obtained from 2% NaOH pretreated WS followed by 2 days N. crassa F5 treatment. The recombinant ecombinant ecombinant ecombinant ecombinant N. cN. c N. crassa F5 treated WS produced daily biogas which was 6-fold higher per day and 339.3% more in cumulative volume than the untreated WS sample. Finally, a single culture was tested for the potential of biohydrogen from Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW). One hundred and twenty bacterial strains were isolated from heat-treated granular sludge of a full scale anaerobic digester. The best hydrolytic strains were assessed for H2 production from glucose and soluble starch. Two Bacillus sp. strains, namely F2.5 and F2.8, exhibited high H2 yields and were used as pure culture to convert OFMSW into hydrogen. The strains produced up to 61 mL of H2 per grams of volatile solids and could be considered as good candidates towards the development of industrially relevant H2-producing inoculants. This was the first successful application of pure microbial cultures in bio-hydrogen production from OFMSW.
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