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تدوین متن کے مدارج

موضوع6:تدوین متن کے مدارج
فراہمی متن:
کسی کتاب کی تدوین کے لیے اس کے جملہ قلمی اور مطبوعہ نسخے فراہم کرنے چاہییں۔چونکہ عملا ایسا مشکل ہے اس لیے اہم نسخوں سے مدد لینا کافی ہے۔
ترتیب متن:
ماخذات کو زبانی،فکری اور موضوعاتی ترتیب دینا
تصحیح متن:
متن جب مصنف کی منشاء کے قریب نہ ہو تو محقق اسے منشائے مصنف تک پہنچانے کی کوشش کرتا ہے۔اس کوشش کو تصحیح متن کہا جاتا ہے۔متن کی تصحیح کا کام چونکہ بہت ذمہ داری کا ہوتا ہے اس لیے یہاں تساہل نہیں برتا جا سکتا۔
تحقیق متن:
تحقیق کے اصولوں کو عمل میں لائیں جو ماخذ ہم تک پہنچا ہے یہ کتنا مستند ہے۔مخطوطے کی پوری طرح چھان بین کریں۔اس کے عہد کے پیرامیٹر ز سے اس کی جانچ کریں۔اگر دو نسخوں میں ایک ہی مقام پر دو مختلف قراتیں ہوں تو کس کو ترجیح دی جائے ؟ متنی نقاد کو ہر قرات کے بارے میں مثبت یا منفی رائے دیتے ہوئے بہت سوجھ بوجھ سے کام لینا چاہیے۔ دونوں صورتوں میں اس پر بہت بڑی ذمہ داری عائد ہوتی ہے :
۱۔ اگر ایک نسخے میں قرآت میں ایسا لفظ استعمال ہوا ہے جو مصنف کے عہد میں رائج نہیں تھا یا کم رائج تھا یا اس کا تلفظ مختلف تھا اور دوسرے نسخے کی قرآت اس عہد سے زیادہ قریب ہے تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۲۔ ایک بامعنی قرآت کو بے معنی قرآت پر ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۳۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ زائد ہیں تودوسری قرآت قابل ترجیح ہوگی۔
۴۔ اگر کسی قرآت میں ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ الفاظ حذف ہیں تو دوسری قرآت کو ترجیح دی جائے گی۔
۵۔ اگر ایک قرآت بامعنی ہے لیکن سیاق وسباق کے مطابق نہیں ہے تو دوسری کو ترجیح...

تفسیر روح المعانی کی روشنی میں حضرت عیسی (علیہ السلام) کی رفع سماوی کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Jesus of Nazareth is the central figure of the Christian religion, a savior believed to be both God incarnate and a human being. He is also known as Jesus Christ, the term “Christ” meaning anointed or chosen once. Most of the details of his life are unclear, and much of what is known about his life comes from the four Gospels of the Bible. The Gospels tell the story of Jesus’s auspicious birth in a stable in Bethlehem, and then of his life as an adult, a teacher with miraculous powers who foretold his own death to his closest followers, called apostles. Jesus, betrayed by the apostle Judas, was crucified by the Romans, and his resurrection three days after his death was taken as proof of his divinity. The date of Jesus’s birth to Mary is celebrated each December 25th as Christmas Day. The occasion was used as the base year for the modern Christian calendar, though researchers now believe that earlier estimates were inexact and that Jesus was actually born between 4 B.C. And 7 B.C. The date of the crucifixion is now marked as Good Friday, and the resurrection celebrated as Easter.

Downside Risk Applied to Bankruptcy Prediction Models

Being able to predict bankruptcy can be very valuable for debtors, creditors, shareholders and other stakeholders. Historically, different models that predict corporate bankruptcy have been constructed. Three bankruptcy predicting models are used in this thesis; the models of Altman (1968), Ohlson (1980) and Shumway (2001). The relatively old original models are applied to U.S. listed firms. It became clear that when the original models are applied to a more recent sample of 1999-2013, the predictive power of the models is very low, and bankruptcy is over predicted. In order to be able to use the relatively old models in more recent periods, the results show that the models have to be re-estimated. The original models with the original variables are used, only the coefficients and the interpretation of the outcome of the models change by downside risk. The downside risk models show that especially variables of short term liquidity are more important now a day in predicting bankruptcy than in the original models. After reestimated the models, the accuracy rates of all models increased. Especially applying the downside risk models of Altman (1968) and Ohlson (1980) to the sample of 1999- 2013 result in high percentages of correctly classified observations and high areas under Receiver Operating Curves. The research was carried out with an aim to contribute to the discussion regarding business failure prediction of Pakistani Firms using Altman (1968) Z-Score, Ohlson (1980) O-Score and Shumway (2001) hazard model, its applicability and validity in Pakistani scenario so that to provide an addition into the literature of drivers of the prediction of the business failure in Pakistan. The research was carried on three research questions; can Altman (1968), Ohlson (1980) and Shumway(2001) model correctly forecast the bankruptcy problems in Pakistani environment, if not, can only changes in coefficients of Altman(1968) Ohlson (1980) and Shumway (2001)model’s ratios are sufficient for this purpose, is there is a need of new bankruptcy model for Pakistani firms and if so which of the financial ratios and relationships between financial ratios are useful in forecasting Pakistani business financial failure. This study used data of Pakistani publicly listed companies for the period of January 1999-December 2013 to test the accuracy of Altman’s Z-score, O-score a Hazard model in predicting failure of Pakistani’s companies and for model development. Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), Logit and Probit are chosen as the suitable statistical technique. Multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), Logit and Probit is a statistical technique that can be employed to classify firms into one or more mutually exclusive categories such as bankrupt and non-bankrupt firms. MDA approach has been the most popular technique for bankruptcy studies as shown in literature. Results show that Altman(1968) model does fairly well for predicting the bankruptcy of a firm, with accuracy ranging from 94.6% to 83.9% but the model tends to misclassify a non-failed firm in to the failed group with error ranging from 61.1% to 91.1%.The re-estimated model does fairly well for predicting the delisting of a firm, with accuracy more than 80% as well as to predict with 100% accuracy for successful firms into the stable group with no error in whole yearly sample which is a high achievement of this model. Proposed model predict failure with overall 80%accuracy. Study findings suggest that results of Altman (1968), OhlsonO-Score and Shumway (2001) hazard model to estimate financial distress of sample firms should be interpreted cautiously in Pakistan, due to its low predication in successful companies. The re-estimated and proposed models give better results.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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