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خلاصہ بحث

آخرت پر ایمان لانے کا مطلب یہ ہے کہ وفات کے بعد سے لے کر جنت یا جہنم میں داخل ہونے کے بارے میں قرآن اور حدیث میں میں تمام احکامات کی تصدیق کرنا اور اس پر یقین رکھنا کیونکہ کہ عقیدہ آخرت شرط ارکان ایمان کا اہم جز ہے اور اس پر ایمان لائے بغیر مکمل مومن نہیں ہو سکتے، اس لیے اسلام میں عقیدہ آخرت کی بہت اہمیت ہے ۔ اس فصل میں تفسیر تفہیم القرآن قرآن کی روشنی میں آیت استفہام اور عقیدہ آخرت کی وضاحت کی گئی ہے جو کہ درج ذیل آیات ہیں:

 سورۃ الرعد آیت نمبر ۵، سورۃ العنکبوت آیت نمبر۱۹،۲۰، سورۃ الروم آیت نمبر ۸۹، سورۃ السجدہ آیت نمبر ۲۲،۲۶،۲۸،، سورہ فاطر آیت نمبر ۳۷، سورۃ الزمر آیت نمبر ۱۹، سورۃ ق آیت نمبر ۱۵، سورۃ الطور آیت نمبر۱۵ ،سورۃ القیامہ آیت نمبر۳ ، سورۃ النازعات آیت نمبر ۲۷ ،سورۃ الغاشیہ آیت نمبر ۱۔

GENDER DIFFERENCE IN FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY AMONG PATIENT WITH NON-SPECIFIC CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN

Background of the Study: LBP is a common condition that can be specific or non-specific. Non-specific LBP, which has no known cause, is responsible for 90% of cases and causes pain in the back from the 12th rib to the inferior gluteal folds. Methodology: The study utilized a cross-sectional design in which both males and females completed the Oswestry low back questionnaire. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: 85 patients participated in the study with a mean age of 38±9.603. Pain levels varied among patients, with 23 reporting no pain, 29 with light pain, 23 with moderate pain, and 10 with pretty severe pain. Patients had varying degrees of self-care ability with 13 able to care for themselves without triggering pain and 4 requiring daily assistance. Most patients (75 out of 85) had minor disabilities, while 10 had moderate disabilities. The relationship between the ODI score and the question was found to be similar. Conclusion: The data suggest that individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain have only a limited impairment, and only a few suffer from moderate sickness that affects their social lives. Non-specific persistent low back pain is not connected with gender differences in functional impairment.

An Epidemiological Study of Bovine Fasciolosis in Potohar Region, Pakistan

This study was conducted during 2007-2010 on the Fasciola species isolated from bovines grazing in the Potohar (Punjab) region of Pakistan. The objective of the study was to generate information and baseline data on the identification of Fasciola species with the help of morphometry and genomics. The Phenotypic analysis comprised on the study of morphological parameters and molecular characterization was based on genetic markers (r DNA ITS-1 and ITS- 2), simultaneously genetic diversity was investigated by using microsatellite markers. The prevalence of fasciolosis was also established in the Potohar area by screening grazing cattle and buffaloes. This was achieved by analyzing and comparing fecal egg count and serology. Immunodiagnosis was done by an indirect ELISA test, which was developed to diagnose fasciolosis in this region. The antigen used was ES antigen isolated from the liver flukes present in bovines of Potohar. The species of Fasciola identified in this area was an intermediate, resembling F.gigantica and there is no commercially available ELISA kit to detect infection between F.gigantica and Fasciola spp / F. intermedia. Since the prevalence of fasciolosis is dependent on its intermediate fresh water snail host, the occurrence of snails in selected water bodies of Potohar area was also observed including their infective stages; cercariae along with metacercariae. The monthly cercarial prevalence isolated from two selected snail species was taken into account along with prevalence of aquatic vegetation in the marked water bodies. The snails were observed for monthly cercarial activity, whereas the aquatic vegetation was observed for the presence of metacercariae. xxiiiThe results of the present study report that the species of Fasciola in the Potohar area is an intermediate resembling F.gigantica more than F.hepatica. The microsatellite markers used, show polymorphism and the presence of genetic diversity in Fasciola. Prevalence of fasciolosis was fifty five percent in the bovines grazing in this area. This was seen to be breed, age and sex related and more prevalent in buffaloes as compared to cattle. The snail species prevalent in the marked water bodies were Lymnaea acuminata and Gyraulus convexiusculus and the aquatic vegetation comprised of Vallisenaria, Najas and Hydrilla species. The monthly cercarial activity was highest in Fasciola spp recovered from L. acuminata in the month of September, 2009, whereas recovery of cercariae of Fasciola spp from Gyraulus convexiusculus was highest in the month of July. The over all study results revealed that more cercariae of Fasciola were recovered from L. acuminata compared to Gyraulus convexiusculus. The plant species most successful for metacercarial deposition was Hydrilla and Najas as compared to Vallisenaria. This present study is unique in a sense that no such type of study has previously been reported especially in Potohar region, Punjab, Pakistan. These results will be the basis for developing effective control strategies of fasciolosis, based on its occurrence and to facilitate design targeted and cost effective drugs to control fasciolosis in Potohar region.
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