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سیاسی نظریہ

سیاسی نظریہ

                ناطق کیونکہ تاریخ کے آدمی ہیں اور ان کا کہنا ہے کہ تاریخ ہمیں دانش دیتی ہے۔اس لیے تاریخی رنگ ان میں نمایاں نظرآتا ہے۔ان کی شاعری اور نثر دونوں میں تاریخی رنگ پایا جاتا ہے۔عام طور پر شاعری میں اور خصوصاً غزل میں تاریخ کا پایا جانا کسی شاعر کے ہاں بہت کم دیکھا گیاہے لیکن ناطق نے شاعری میں خصوصاً اپنی غزلیات میں تاریخ کو شامل حال رکھا ہے، سیاست کا رنگ غالب نظر آتا ہے۔انہوں نے اپنی نظموں میں بھی سیاست کو موضوع بنایا ہے۔

                ناطق نے چونکہ بہت اسفار کیے ہیں اس لیے وہ ملکی وغیر ملکی ثقافت کو بہت قریب سے جانتے ہیں۔ ان کی نظموں میں بھی ملکی وغیر ملکی سیاست کا ذکر ملتاہے۔اس سے پہلے دیکھا جائے تو شاعروں نے سیاست میں مارشل لا اور سیاسی اتار چڑھاؤ کو موضوع بنایا ہے جمہوریت اور آمریت پر بھی قلم اٹھایا گیا ہے۔لیکن انہوں نے ملکی وغیر ملکی سیاست پر بھی قلم اٹھایا ہے۔ان کی مختلف نظمیں ایسی ہیں مثلاً’’نام ونسب‘‘غلام قوم کادانشور،ہجرت ،شہرکاماتم اورخاص طور پر سفیر لیلی جسے کافی شہرت حاصل ہوئی۔ان تمام نظموں میں انہوں نے سیاسی نظریہ کو مد نظر رکھا ہے۔

                وہ لکھتے ہوئے جس شہر یا علاقے میں جو زبان جس حوالے سے استعمال ہوتی ہے،اسی زبان کو اپنی لکھاوٹ کا حصہ بناتے ہیں۔ناطق ایک تاریخی قصے کا ذکر کرتے ہوئے بتاتے ہیں کہ نواب سراج الدولہ جب اس کا دور حکومت تھاتو اس کا کہنا تھا کہ پیسا صرف نواب کے پاس ہواگر کسی اور کے پاس دیکھا جائے تو اسے جیل میں بند کر دیا جائے۔پھر میر جعفر کی بات کرتے ہیں کہ جو چاہتا تھا کہ بنگال کی ترقی ہوجائیتو وہ کیا کرتا کہ نواب چاہتا تھاکہ پیسہ صرف اس...

قواعد الترجيح المتعلقة بالنص القرآني: دراسة وصفية تطبيقية

After reading the whole books and find out the interpretation, there were various sayings, the meanings and interpretations of the verses of Quran. The reader does not have the capability to select correct and incorrect. He does not know what to do about the various interpretations. At first the people of Mecca knew the status of Revelation; they do not need to explain that revelation, because it was their native language while the Prophet (S.A.W) explains it in detail. After the earlier periods, it was necessary to adapt some rules to know the correct sayings, that rules were already include the Quran itself, in the Sunnah, in the Quranic Sciences, in the books of fundamentals of Jurisprudence, and in the books of Quranic  Sciences. Later on, however, wrote the books as contemporary independent science as such as book of Husain Al Ḥarbī  named (قواعد الترجيح عند المفسرين) and book written by Khalid Al Sabbath named (قواعد التفسير جمعاً ودراسةً). These rules of preference are most important as with the help of these rules, the books of interpretation can be clarified from incorrect sayings. These rules are various, including, related to Quranic text, Sunnah, the views of Companions, the evidence, or related to the linguistics of Arabs. The preference proves the strength of a saying or strengthens an aspect than others through rules of preference. One of the objectives of this research is that the rules of preference can distinguish between correct and incorrect interpretation. The researcher recommended attention to these rules of preference and to study it as a separate subject to get full benefit from the books of interpretation.

Molecular Characterization of 16S Rrna Methylase Arma Producing Aminoglycoside Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii Isolates

Acinetobacter baumannii is considered one of the most portentous pathogens which showed resistance against various classes of antibiotics and chemical disinfectants, enabling it as one of the notorious nosocomial bacteria. The present study was planned with the objective to isolate and identify A. baumannii from various clinical isolates of hospitalized patients for the determination of antibiotic resistance profile against commonly used antimicrobial agents also to examine the function of armA in aminoglycoside resistance. A total of 460 clinical samples from different sources (pus, urine, blood, etc.) were collected from various tertiary referral healthcare of Lahore. 218 belonged to gram-negative bacteria.A. baumannii were identified initially based on culture characteristics on blood agar and MacConkey agar, microscopic morphological features followed by biochemical confirmation using slide catalase, tube catalase, and DNase test. Isolates were further analyzed for sensitivity against different antibiotics through Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique in accordance with the CLSI guidelines 2014. The MIC of Amikacin and Gentamicin was evaluated with the E-strips? (bioM?rieux, France). Isolates were screened for A. baumannii using A. baumannii Chrom? agar initially and by cefoxitin disk method. Later genetically confirmed by molecular typing of recA gene through PCR. Out of 218 clinical specimens, 68% (n=148) were found to be positive for A. baumannii, and the high rate of A. baumannii infections was found among male patients with a male to female ratio of 3 to 1 and within 21 to 40 years age group. All A. baumannii isolates exhibited a variable resistance pattern against Cefepime, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Imipenem, Amikacin, Meropenem, Tobramycin, Doxycycline and Gentamicin except Colistin and Tigecycline. armA was present among 37 isolates which represent a high-level of resistance against the antimicrobials. In the present study, we concluded that A. baumannii is highly prevalent among patients hospitalized in Lahore and males were more vulnerable to A. baumannii infections. The isolates of A. baumannii showed greater resistance against the commonly utilized antimicrobial agents. Tigecycline along with colistin was observed as the most effectual drugs against the clinical specimens.
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