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فصل دوم: قرآن مجید میں آیاتِ استفہام کی نوعیت اور مقاصد

فصل دوم:قرآن مجید میں آیاتِ استفہام کی نوعیت اور مقاصد

قرآن مجید اللہ تعالیٰ کی آخری کتاب اور انسانیت کیلئے کتابِ ہدایت و نسخہ کیمیا ہے۔قرآن مجید انسانیت کیلئے کتابِ ہدایت ہونے کی وجہ سے مختلف اسالیب اور مناہج رکھتا ہے۔انسانوں کے فہم کیلئے اللہ تعالیٰ نے قرآن مجید میں مختلف انداز اپنائے ہیں۔یہ اسالیب مختلف ومنفرد ہیں ، نہ تو شعر ہے ، نہ مروجہ نثر اور نہ ہی مسجع کلام ،بلکہ یہ کلام کہیں چھوٹی چھوٹی آیات پر مشتمل ہے تو کہیں بڑی بڑی آیات سے عبارت ہے مگر ہرجگہ الفاظ کی رونق اور چمک دمک کے ساتھ ساتھ معانی کا ایک بحر بے کراں ٹھاٹھیں مارتا ہوا دکھائی دیتا ہے ۔اسی بناء پر فصحاء عرب کو اس کلام کی صنف متعین کرنے میں بے حد دشواری ہوئی۔ قرآن مجید میں بیان کردہ موضوعات مختلف ہیں جن میں احکام، شرائع ، امثال، قصص ،عبر،وعد وعیدمواعظ و تاریخ، تبشیر وتنذیر جیسے تمام پہلو بیان ہوئے ہیں، لہذا ہر ایک واقعہ اور حکم اپنی نوعیت اور حساسیت کے اعتبار سے مختلف انداز ا میں بیان کیا گیا ہے۔قرآن مجید کے اعجاز میں یہ بھی شامل ہےکہ وہ مخاطبین کی نفسیات اور حیثیات کے مطابق احکامات کو بیان کرتا ہے،ارشادِ ربانی ہے:

" وَنَزَّلْنَا عَلَيْكَ ٱلْكِتَابَ تِبْيَاناً لِّكُلِّ شَيْءٍ وَهُدًى وَرَحْمَةً وَبُشْرَىٰ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ "[[1]]

"ہم نے یہ کتاب تم پر نازل کر دی ہے جو ہر چیز کی صاف صاف وضاحت کرنے والی ہے اور ہدایت و رحمت اور بشارت ہے اُن لوگوں کے لیے جنہوں نے سر تسلیم خم کر دیا ہے" ۔

قرآن کا مخاطب انسان ہے اور یہ اپنے مخاطب کو منفرد انداز سے خطاب کرتا ہے، قرآن مجید میں اللہ تعالیٰ کا انسان...

The Role Of Attachment Style And Marital Quality In Attachment Injury Couples

The attachment system is thought to facilitate relationship goals by motivation seeking and bonding activities with significant others, particularly under times of stress (Bowlby, 1982). Attachment theory has also contributed to further understanding the marital relationship in terms of profound psychological and physiological interdependence. It is perhaps this interdependence that causes damage to the quality of attachment relationship. Hence, attachment injury is defined as “a specific incident or event in which one partner is unresponsive and inaccessible when one partner cries out for help in extreme need” (Johnson & Makinen, 2001). Therefore, marital distress or breakup in couple’s relationships does not happen suddenly, so understanding of attachment injury in relation to individual’s marital quality and attachment style would help practitioners to be equipped for appropriate and effective inventions. Further it would also help counsellors and mental health professionals to be familiar with the complexities of the topic by dealing with consequences of an attachment injury ethically and competently.  Therefore our study aimed at examining the prevalence and nature of attachment injury and its effect on marital quality, in a group of married heterosexual couples. It also attempted to associate attachment styles with and without attachment injury in couples. The study employed cross-sectional exploratory design with a set of self-administered measures. The sample comprised of 400 married individuals from urban Bangalore. Statistical results showed those individuals who were experiencing attachment injury are associated with poor marital quality. It was also seen that attachment injury was found to be associated with gender and insecure attachment style. Therefore our findings suggest that poor marital quality with insecure attachment style plays an important role in attachment injury over time. Based on the attachment style, further intervention strategies and effective programs should be designed for marital counselling. And marital enrichment programs may be useful to enhance marital quality to prevent the marital distress or breakups.

Aspartic Acid Racemization - a Precise Tool in Forensic Age Estimation in Human Dentin

BACKGROUND: Age estimation is a major concern in Forensic Medicine for its prime importance in legal, socioeconomic and other global issues like bomb explosions, mass migration & mass disasters both in alive or cadavers. Classical methods based on morphological, radiological or histological methods are being used. The precision and reliability of these methods have margin of error of ± 10 years. There is a need for development of a biological tool at molecular level. Amino acid racemization in dentin is found to be a precise model for age estimation with margin of error within ± 3 years. OBJECTIVES: Current study was designed to determine the correlation of coefficient of aspartic acid racemization (KR) with reference to age. Secondary objective of this study was calculation of margin of error between chronological age & calculated age by racemization method. Third objective was calculation of correlation of gender, socioeconomic status & different age categories with KR (Coefficient of racemization). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in dental outpatients‘ clinics at Ziauddin Hospital, Karachi. The duration of study comprised of two years 2011-2013. It was a Cross sectional study and sampling technique was convenient sampling Sample size calculated was 116 subjects. ERC approval was taken. An oral expressed consent of patients was taken. Preliminary data including name, gender, chronological age (Y-M-D), socio-economic status, educational status, monthly income, occupation and any other factors affecting oral health was entered into a specially designed performa for this study. High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography was performed on each sample to quantify the L and D forms of aspartic acid in dentin. RESULTS: Total sample size was 116 subjects, which were divided into two groups – Test group of 85 subjects of known age group and Validation group of 31 subjects whose age were kept unknown to the researcher. 85 teeth samples of known age group (test group) were analyzed and D/L ratio of aspartic acid was estimated by HPLC technique. Regression line was derived from scatter plot graph and least square method was used to calculate the regression equation. The coefficient of racemization (KR) for each tooth was calculated using the formula KR = In [(1+D/L)/ (1- D/L). For checking whether regression equation would correctly predict the age, the proposed formula was applied for validation group of 31 teeth and then difference between actual age and predicted age of 31 samples were calculated. Co-efficient of determination was found to be 0.96, which show that regression equation for estimating age was 96% correct. There was a very strong positive correlation (0.98) observed between actual ages and co-efficient of racemization, which indicates that as age increases co-efficient of racemization increases. CONCLUSION: As the correlation coefficient proved to be strongly positive, it suggests racemization of human dentine could be used as a precise method for estimation of chronological age in living and in dead. The error of margin between calculated and chronological age was ± 2.44 years in 116 subjects. PValue was significant among different age groups. KR coefficient has significant correlation with age rather than gender and socioeconomic status. HPLC is a reliable technique to estimate the coefficient of racemization because it is highly reproducible, cost-effective and convenient. However there is a need for extensive research towards standardization of the method to enable quality assurance within and between laboratories.
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